CHAPTER 6 (part 1) : BONE TISSUE
Terms
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Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Minerals and Fat
Blood cell formation
Hemapoesis
Red bone marrow - What are the functions of Skeletal system?
- calcium and phosphate
- What kind of minerals are in bone?
- In marrow cavity
- Where is the fat stored in bone tissue?
- Hemapoesis
- Blood cell production, which occurs in the red bone marrow after birth.
- Red bone marrow
- a connective tissue that produces R.B.C and W.B.C and platelets
- Intercellular substance, matrix or ground substance
-
Mineral salts:
67%
primarily tricalcium phosphate
calcium carbinate
Collagenous fibers
33%
stroma
needed for hardening of bone -
Mesenchymal Cells
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast - What are the cells of bone called?
- Mesenchymal cell
- Give rise to osteogenic cells and conn. tissue
- Osteoprogenitor cells
- In the periosteum; areound bone; give rise to osteoblast
- Osteoblast
- building of extracellular matrix (secretes); deposition of minerals and salts
- Osteocytes
- Mature osteoblasts; confined to "lacunae"; maintain matrix; reduced division
- Osteoclast
- destruction of extracellular matrix; the removal of minerals and salts
- Diaphysis
- bones shaft or body; long, cylinderical, main portion of bone
- Epiphyses
-
proximal and distal
contain red marrow - Red Marrow
- Blood cells produced here; red marrow in epiphyses and flat bones
- Metaphyses
- Region where calcified matrix is replaced by bone
- Articular cartilage
- At ends of epiphyses; of hyaline cartilage; reduces friction and absorbs shock; lacks a perichondrium
- Periosteum (Definition)
- Surrounds the bone wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage; has osteoblasts; protect and helps mend bone; serves as ligament attachment
- Periosteum (Definition in W.B.)
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Outer fibrous layer
Inner fibrous layer - Outer fibrous layer
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Has vessels
of dense irr. conn. tissue - Inner fibrous layer
- Esp. high in osteoblasts
- Medullary Cavity
- space within the diaphyses that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
- Yellow Marrow
-
consists of mainly adipose cells that store triglycerides
a few blood cells
chemical energy reserve - Endosteum
-
lines the medullary cavity
single layer of bone forming cells (osteoblasts)
a small amount of conn. tissue - Compact bone
-
few spaces
external layer of all bones
bulk of diaphyses on long bones
protection and support of stress and movement - Diaphyses of long bones; thin covering over spongy bone
- Compact Bone (LOCATION)
-
Osteon (haversian canal)
Interstital lamallae
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Perforating Canals - Compact Bone (STRUCTURE)
-
Osteon (haversian canal)
(STRUCTURE) -
Lamallae
Lacunae
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Central canal - Lamallae
- rings of hard calcified extracellular matrix
- Lacunae
- Btwn. the lamallae are small spaces called ___.
- Osteocyte
-
mature bone cells
maintain metabolism
inside the Lacunae - Canaliculi
-
small channels
filled with extracellular fluid - Central Canal
- runs longitudinally with bone
- Interstitial lamallae
- fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during rebuilding or growth
- Capillary loops
-
Which does NOT make up the structure compact bone?
Periosteum
Interstital Lamallae
Endosteum
Capillary loops - Perforating canals
- Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone
- Spongy Bone (STRUCTURE)
-
Does NOT contain osteons
Trabeculae
Osteocytes
Lamallae
Lacunae
Canaliculi - Spongy Bone (LOCATION)
- Epiphyses of long bones, short, flat, and irregular bones
- Trabeculae
-
"little beams"
lamallae arranged in an irregular latticework of thin columns of bone - Intramembranous Occification
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(osteoblasts develop if capillary blood supply adequate)
1. Mesenchymal Cells in fibrous membrane ; receive blood supply; occurs in centers of oss.
2. Mesenchymal cells form osteoprogenitor cells
3. Osteoprogenitor cells form Osteoblasts; secrete "osteoid" (organic matrix)
4. Osteoblast -Osteocyte (confined to the lacunae)
5. Matrix becomes calcified; trabeculae begin to form
6. Trabeculae fuse to form spongy bone; spaces fill with red marrow
7. Periosteum forms on periphery of spongy bone; produces compact bone -
Intramembranous Occification
(LOCATION) - flat bones of skull; part of lower jaw and collar bone; fetal fontanels
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Endochondral Ossification
(LOCATION) - Diaphyses of long bones; surface of epiphyses; surface of all bones (short, flat, irregular)
- Endochondral Ossification
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1. Mesenchymal cells migrate to the site of future bone; form condroblast
2. Chondroblasts form hyaline cartilage template of future bone
3. Nutrient artery penetrates diaphysis; marrow cavity and bone begins to develop in primary center of oss.
4. Epiphyseal arteries penetrate through epiphysis; bone development begins in epiphyses in secondary centers of oss. - Bone Growth In Length
- get longer and wider
- Epiphyseal plate
- btwn. diaphysis and epiphyses; consists of 4 zones
- Basic process
- cartilage cells are present and reproduce at the epiphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate; the enlarge and die; are replaced with calified matrix at the diaphyseal end of the epiphyseal plate.
- Metaphysis
- region btwn. diaphysis and epiphysis where calcified matrix is replaced by bone
- Epiphyseal line
- means that bone growth is over
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Human growth hormone
Sex hormones
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Dietary factors
Exercise - growth in bone is influenced by _____.
- Appositional growth
- in diameter
- Osteoblasts
- in periosteum; increase outside diameter of bone
- Osteoclasts
- in endosteum; increase inside diameter of the marrow cavity
- Remodeling
- ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
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hormones
diet
stress
osteoblasts
osteoclasts - Bone Replacement
- Nutrient Artery
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Largest artery to medullary cavity in diaphysis; extends into haversian canals
Nutrient foramen - Nutrient foramen
- The hole where the artery goes through
- Epiphyseal arteries
- Penetrates epiphyses
- Periosteal arteries
- Enter volksman's canals; at right angles to long axis of bone
- Nerves
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Vasomotor nerves
Sensory nerves - Vasomotor nerves
- constriction of vessel
- Sensory nerves
- Nerve that sends impulses to your brain that say "that hurts"; it senses that the body is in pain.