Biology Chapter 5 Flash Cards
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- Cell Theory
- Cell Theory
- Cell
- The smallest unit of life that call exist independently. These are the building blocks of all life.
- Cell Membrane
- This is the boundary of a cell.
- Prokaryotic Cells
- These are cells that were the first to ever exist on earth. They have no membrane bound nucleus containing DNA; their DNA is held in a nucleoid. The organelles are not bounded by membrane. They are simpler than eukaryotes.
- Eukaryotic Cells
- These cells make up plant and animal cells. They are all bounded by a membrane, and they process many organelles. They are more complex.
- Symbiotic Bacteria
- Symbiotic Bacteria: Bacteria-like organelles in eukaryotes are thought to have originated from these.
- Endosymbiont Theory
- This is the theory explains how complex cells can evolve from two or more simple cells living in a symbiotic relationship.
- Plasma Membrane
- This membrane surrounds all cells and it encloses protoplasm.
- Protoplasm
- This is the semi fluid contents that include the organelles and the nucleus of the cell.
- Nucleus
- This is the control center of a cell.
- Phospholipids
- These have two fatty acid chains and they make up plasma membranes. They are polar and they interact with water through the phosphate group.
- Proteins
- These also make up plasma membranes.
- Lipid Bilayer
- These is the double layered structure that is the foundation of the plasma membrane.
- Fluid Mosaic Model
- This is the model of the cell membrane that is widely accepted today - it was created by Singer Nicholson. It describes how the lipid bilayer are studded with a mosaic of proteins.
- Glycolipids
- These are the sugars that are bonded to the lipids.
- Glycoprotein
- These are the sugars that attach to proteins.
- Channels or Transporters
- These act as doors and allow specific molecules in and out of the cell.
- Receptors
- These are membrane proteins that recognize certain chemicals such as hormones, and signal the cell to respond in different ways.
- Cell Wall
- This is a rigid thick structure, found on plants, that surrounds the cell membrane.
- Cytoplasm
- This is the thick fluid that contains all of a cells organelles.
- Cytoskeleton
- This is founding the cytoplasm - it is a network of filaments and fibers that help shape and support the cells.
- Cilia
- These are short structures that cover a cell; they allow a cell to move.
- Flagella
- This is a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move within it’s environment.
- Basel Body
- This is the structure that the cilia/flagella connects with as the microtubes dip into the plasma membrane.
- Centrioles
- These are the centrically microtubular structures that are found in the cytoplasm of animal cells - they play a key role in cell division
- Nuclear Envelope
- This is the outer double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
- Nuclear Pores
- These are openings in the nuclear envelope.
- Chromosomes
- These are proteins that DNA is wrapped tightly around. They are created during cell division.
- Nucleolus
- A darkly staining region within the nucleus
- Ribosomes
- These are spherical organelles that are count in the cytoplasm; these manufacture proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- This is an extensive system of interconnected membranes that form flatted channels and tube-like canals within the cytoplasm. The channels are used to more substances to move substances from one part of the cell to another.
- Rough ER
- This is an ER that has ribosomes dotting it’s surface, it looks like a long sheet of sand paper.
- Smooth ER
- This is an ER that has no ribosomes attached to it.
- Golgi Apparatus
- This is the organelle in which the vesicles can eventually fuse with.
- Vesicles
- Membrane sacks that proteins are incased in, once they are done with the ER.
- Lysosomes
- These are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They aid in cell renewal and are always breaking down old cell parts and real placing them with new ones.
- Vacuole
- This is a membrane bound sack that can store food, water, and wastes; they are most often found in plant cells.
- Mitochondria
- These break down fuel molecules, releasing energy. They have their own DNA suggesting that they were once free living bacteria. They are bounded by a double membrane.
- Cellular Respiration
- These are the oxygen requiring reactions that are needed to break down the foods that plants and animals give their cells.
- Chloroplasts
- These use energy from the sun to make sugars.
- Brownian Movement
- This is the jiggling motion that all molecules exhibit. Although this movement is not purposeful, it allows them to bump into other molecules
- Gradient
- This is the term that is used to refer to the net movement.
- Passive Transportation
- This is when a molecular movement that does not require energy.
- Diffusion
- This is the net movement of molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentrations.
- Osmosis
- This is the diffusion of water across a differently permeable membrane.
- Solution
- This is when water is mixed with other molecules.
- Solute
- This is the other kind of molecules that are dissolved in water.
- Hypotonic
- Pure water is hypotonic.
- Hypertonic
- This is the opposite of hypotonic, one with a concentration higher than the cytoplasm of the cell.
- Isotonic
- This is a solution, water will move in and out of the cell, but no net movement will take place.
- Facilitated Diffusion
- This uses transport of proteins for movement across a deferentially permeable membrane.
- Active Transport
- This is molecular movement that requires energy.
- Endocytosis
- This is the process in which cells move large molecules and particles into the cell.
- Phagocytosis
- This is if material that is brought into the cell contains and organism or an fragment of organic matter.
- Pinocytosis
- This is if the material that is brought into the cell contains dissolved molecules.
- Exocytosis
- This is when large molecules and particles move out of the cell.