Bio Ch. 10 vocab words
Terms
undefined, object
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- fertilization
- the union of two cell
- sperm
- male gametes, each haplod (n) in chromosome number
- gametes
- a haploid reproductive cell, either an ovum (the fertilized egg) or a sperm, formed by meiosis
- yolk
- an energy rich collection of lipids and proteins
- zygote
- a fertilized egg
- embryo
- an organism in its earliest stage of development
- activation
- the increase in cell respiration and protein synthesis that occurs in a newly formed zygote after fertilization
- differentiation
- process in which cells become specialized for a specific structure and function via selective gene expression
- morphogenesis
- the embryonic development of the structure of an organism
- cleavage
- the process of cell division in animal cells characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; also, the rapid cell divisions without growth that take place during early embryonic development
- blastula
- an animal embryo after the cleavage stage, consisting of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells
- gastrula
- the two-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage
- primary germ layers
- in animals, the three cell groups - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm - that give rise to all the tissues of the body
- ectoderm
- the outer layer of cells in the gastrula stage of an animal embryo
- endoderm
- the innermost layer of the three germ layers, primary tissue layers, in an animal embryo
- mesoderm
- in most animal embryos, a tissue layer between the ectoderm and endoderm
- body plan
- the general form of an organism's ody structure, including its pattern of symmetry, germ layers, and body cavities
- notochord
- a flexible, dorsal, rodlike structure that extends the length of the body of animals called chordates; in vertebrates, present only in the embryonic stages
- neural tube
- the foundation of the nervous system that forms in an embryos at the gastrula stage
- larva
- an immature stage of development in offspring of many types of animals, especially arthropods and some aquatic organisms
- metamorphosis
- in the life cycles of many animals, major changes in the body form and function as the newly hatched young (larvae) mature into adults
- segmentation
- in animals, division into a series of similar parts, such as is found in annelid (earthworm) and arthropod (insect, crab, and spider) body plansx
- homeotic gene
- a gene that determines which body parts are made at which locations on a developing organism; turns other genes on and off
- homeobox
- a short DNA sequence that is virtually identical in certain homeotic genes; protein products of these genes regulate patterns of cell differentiation in a wide variety of organisms
- Hox genes
- a group of homeotic genes found in all animals, help establish the anterior-posterior axis (head to tail); named Hox genes for the homeoboxes they contain
- blastocyst
- the mammalian embryonic stage that corresponds to the blastula of other animals
- amnion
- a sac or membrane filled with fluid and enclosing the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal; cushions the embryo
- chorion
- an embryonic membrane that surrounds all the other embryonic membranes in reptiles, birds, and mammals; used for gas exchange
- villus
- a fingerlike projection of the small intestine that increases surface area for absorption of digested foods
- placenta
- a structure in the uterus for exchange of materials between a fetus and a the mother's blood supply; formed from teh uterine lining and embryonic membranes
- fetus
- an older human embryo
- DNA-RNA hybridization
- pairing of DNA molecules with RNA molecules by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
- determination
- the process in which a cell commits to a particular pathway of differentiation
- embryonic induction
- the influence of one embryonic tissue on another, causing the second tissue to specialize
- yolk sac
- membrane that contains yolk which norishes the embryo
- allantois
- membrane for waste primarily, and gas exchange
- vestigal
- structures without functions: yolk sac, appendix