Basic Biochemistry
Terms
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- What are the four forms of energy?
- chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant
- define matter
- anything that has mass and occupies space
- what are the three states of matter? define each
-
solids have a definite shape and volume
liquids have a definite volume but conform to the shape of their container
gases have neither shape nor volume - Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
- chemical energy
- energy resulting from the movement of charged particles
- electrical energy
- energy directly involved in moving matter
- mechanical energy
- energy that travels in waves
- radiant energy
- what are elements?
- unique substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
- How many elements have been discovered?
- 112
- what four elements make up the human body?
- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
- the smallest particle that retains its special properties
- atom
- what is the electrical charge of a particle a measure of?
- its ability to attract or repel other charged particles
- name nine lesser elements in the body
- calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, iron
- negatively charged subatomic particle
- electron
- positively charged subatomic particle
- proton
- uncharged, or neutral subatomic particle
- neutron
- For any atom, the number of protons and electrons must be ____.
- equal
- what particles are located in the nucleus of an atom?
- proton and neuron
- The ____ and the_____ have to be equal within an atom.
- proton and electron
- What is the atomic number equal to?
- the number of protons an atom contains
- the sum of the the protons and neurons contained in an atom's nucleus
- atomic mass number
- what is the number to the upper left of the atomic symbol?
- the atomic mass number
- what is an isotope?
- an atom that has the same number of protons and electrons, but vary in the number of neutrons
- What is an atom's atomic weight approximately equal to?
- the mass number of its most abundant isotope
- the process of atomic decay
- radioactivity
- unstable isotopes
- radioisotopes
- what are molecules?
- the chemical combination of two or more atoms
- compound
- combination of two or more different atoms
- what is the valence shell?
- the atom's outermost layer
- What is the fixed region of space around the nucleus?
- electron shell (energy levels)
- What is the "rule of 8"?
- atoms interact in such a way that they will have 8 electrons in their valence shell
- when in an atom considered inert?
- when the valence shell contains 8 electrons
- what happens when an atom has less than 8 electrons in its valence shell?
- atom will gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to reach a stable state
- anion
- negatively charged ion
- cation
- positively charged ion
- define positive ion
- An atom that has a positive electrical charge due to the loss of one or more electrons
- define negative ion
- An atom that has a negative electrical charge because it has more more electrons than protons
- molecules in which atoms share electrons
- covalent molecules
- covalent bond
- bonds that are sharing electrons in a way that each atom is able to fill its valence shell at least part of the time
- define hydrogen bond
- interaction formed between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a second electronegative atom that serves as the hydrogen bond acceptor
- what is a synthesis reaction?
- two or more atoms or molecules combined to form a larger, more complex molecule
- Synthesis reactions underlie all ____ activities in body cells.
- anabolic (constructive)
- what is a decomposition reaction?
- a molecule broken downinto smaller molecules, atoms, or ions
- Decomposition reactions underlie all ____ processes in the body cells.
- catabolic (destructive)
- what are exchange reactions?
- reactions involving both synthesis and decomposition reactions
- What are four important properties water has for the body?
- high heat capacity, solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning
- what salts are essential for nerve impulses?
- potassium and sodium
- electrolytes
- substances that conduct an electrical current in solution