BRAIN AND HEAD ANOMALIES
Terms
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- ANENCEPHALY
- Most common fetal intracranial anomaly. The base of the brain and face are the only things present in the head; the craniaum is absent.
- ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION (TYPE II)
- Low position of the cerebellum in the upper cervical spinal canal due to cord tethering. Associated with “Lemon†skull shape, banana-shaped cerebellum, and hydrocephalus.
- BANANA SIGN
-
Change in the shape of the cerebellum
(it becomes curved) that occurs in the presence of spina bifida. - CISTERNA MAGNA
- Fluid-filled space at the back of the head that lies between the cerebellum and the skull
- CYCLOPS
- A single eye is present. Associated with holoprosencepaly.
- CYSTIC HYGROMA
- Large fluid-containing sac filled with lymph, usually located in the region of the neck. May be part of a generalized fatal condition—lymphangiectasia—or a benign focal process. Associated with Turner’s and Down syndrome
- DANDY-WALKER SYNDROME
- Brain anomaly with a dilated fourth ventricle and possible secondary dilatation of the rest of the ventricles of the brain. A small cerebellum is the cardinal feature.
- ENCEPHALOCELE
- HERNIATION OF THE COVERINGS OF THE BRAIN THROUGH DEFECT IN THE SKULL. BRAIN TISSUE IS CONTAINED W/IN THE HERNIATION, ALTHOUGH USUALLY MOST OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SAC ARE FLUID.
- EXENCEPHALY
- VARIANT OF ANENCEPHALY IN WHICH SOME CORTICAL BRAIN REMAINS
- HOLOPROSENCEPHALY
- Intracranial anomaly. A Horseshoe-shaped ventricle replaces the 2 lateral ventricles. Usually fatal or causes severe mental retardation. Associated w/ Trisomy 13 and facial defects such as cleft lip and palate, hypotelorism in extreme cases, cyclopia and probscis
- HYDRANENCEPHALY
- Absence of the cortical brain. Portions of the mdbrain and brainstem are present. Not compatible with life.
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- Marked enlargement of the cerebral ventricles. Implies entricular obstruction. A better term is Ventriculomegaly or nonspecific ventricular enlargement.
- INIENCEPHALY
- Defect consisting of an Encephalocele that involves the posterior aspects of the skull and the cervical vertebrae; some vertebrae may be missing.
- LEMON SIGN
- Deformity of the skull in which it assumes a shpae similar to a lemon. The frontal areas become flatted. This type of anomaly is seen when spina bifida is present.
- LYMPHANGIOMA
-
SEE CYSTIC HYGROMA
Large fluid-containing sac filled w/ lymph, usually located in the region of the neck. - MICROCEPHALY
- Unduly small skull and brain; associated with mental dificiency.
- MULTICYSTIC (DYSPLASTIC) KIDNEY
- Developmental abnormality of the kidney in which the normal renal parenchyma is totally replaced by cysts of varying sizes. If bilateral, it is not compatible with survival.