BIOLOGY MIDTERM III FLASHCARDS
Terms
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- The male duct transports semen from the testes on out; while the female duct _______.
- transports eggs one way; sperm the other way.
- There is a mistaken assumption that reproduction is ____. Rather, it is competetive.
- cooperative
- Females/males are designed to accept, store, and utilize sperm.
- females
- fertilization occurs in the ____. The ___also finishes off egg production.
- oviduct.
- the evolution of female internal reproduction necessitates development of mechanisms to prevent colonization by foreign invaders, or ____. Sperm counts as a microbe.
- microbes
- females/males are designed to produce, maintain, portion out, and deliver sperm.
- males
- insects use ___, a bag-like structure which delivers a few sperm to each egg as it passes by.
- spermatheca
- Whereas insects use spermatheca, birds use ___-___structures.
- sperm-storage structures
- Mammal sperm storage is short-lived; in fact, it is less than ___hours in the female tract.
- 48 hours
- The maximum amount of time sperm can be stored in human male is __days.
- 5 days.
- An outlier to the storage of sperm, __can contain sperm for several months.
- bats
- The albatross store sperm for up to ___weeks because the partners spend little time together.
- 8 weeks
- Both reptiles and the albatross store sperm for a long time because they have infrequent ___.
- encounters
- Both __ and the ____store sperm for a long time because they have infrequent encounters.
- reptiles and the albatross
- ___is removal of the testes.
- orchidectomy
- Every ejaculation is followed by a ___period.
- refractory period
- Men produce ___million sperm daily, which equals 2 million million (2 trillion) in lifetime.
- 12.5 million per day
- a cell's content in human ejaculate is approximately equivalent to ___percent of daily skin loss.
- 5% of daily skin loss
- In humans, unusually large testicles would imply higher/lower levels of sperm competition.
- higher
- Humans, in comparison to other animnals, lie fairly close to the line, implying a(n) high/average/low level of sperm competition.
- average
- Female chimpanzees are highly promiscuous, copulating ____to ___times with many different males for each pregnancy.
- 500 to 1000 times
- Female gorillas copulate about __to___times per pregnancy.
- 20 to 30 times
- Where do mammals store their sperm?
- In the vas deferens and the tail end of the epidymis.
- This hypothsesis states that the ____-___externalization prevents concussive pressure damage during vigorous exercise.
- "hard-knocks"
- This hypothsesis states externalization prevents concussive pressure damage during vigorous exercise.
- "hard-knocks"
- This hypothesis states that cooler temperatures teach sperm to survive hardships in the hostile vaginal environment.
- "sperm training"
- The epididymis must be kept warm/cool to maintain fertilizing potency.
- cool
- The epididymis is always located proximal to the abdominal wall when the testes are internal/external.
- internal
- Men have many extra glands, all leading to the urethra. Each serves a different purpose: to ___, ___, ___, and ___.
- dilute, stimulate, nourish, and protect sperm.
- Copulatory plugs occur in many ___, ___, ____, and ____.
- insects, reptiles, marsupials, and mammals.
- The ____is always located proximal to the abdominal wall when the testes are internal.
- epididymis
- The functions of a ___ ____are to prevent sperm leakage, act as a reservoir for gradual sperm release, and reduce an extra pair of mating resulting in insemination.
- copulatory plug
- Snails are hermaphrodites They engage in a love game called ___ ___.
- "penis fencing"
- A ____is a sperm package penis substitute.
- spermatophore
- ___have some of the most impressive penis structures in the world.
- ducks
- foreplay for a buffalo weaver takes up to ___minutes.
- 30 minutes
-
Males have one of three ___ designs:
1) fibroelastic
2) stiffening bone (os ___)
3) hydraulic - penis
- In which country do women place brass rings on their neck? In ___ ___women attemot to reach ___rings.
- eastern Burma; 32 rings
- In China, women committ to foot binding in order to _____ _______.
- achieve a high societal status
- Foot-binding in China was done in the early __ to ___th centuries.
- 10th to 20th centuries.
- The Chinese foot (binded ) was known as the ___ ____.
- "Golden Lotus"
- The small shoe size worn by women today causes women shortened ___ muscles and a strained ____.
- calf muscles; strained back
- When a woman is sexually aroused, her lips become ___ and ___.
- larger and redder
- Lipstick is worn in order to make a female's lips appear ___.
- larger
- In Ethiopia, the value of a woman is determined by the size of her ___ ____.
- lip plate
- In ____ _____, a woman's sexual features are exaggerated. She wears clothing that exaggerates the size of her hips.
- tribal Africa
- Cultures have adapted hair as a sexual symbol. Thus, shorter hair for a woman symbolizes her ______.
- independence.
- In ____, the Orthodox women are required to cover their hair.
- Petersberg
- A ___is an instrument that measures the change in the size of the pupils.
- pupilometer
- In ___, phallis worship is widespread.
- Japan
- In ___, "lingam" is the name of a phallus shrine.
- India
- In Tahiti, __ ____is a demonstration of courage.
- body tatooing
- In Tahiti, a flower above a woman's left ear signals that a woman is ____, whereas a flower above the right ear signals that a woman is ___.
- taken; available
- In Western Africa, men have many wives. In fact, one West African man has ___ wives.
- 58
- In ____, there exist harems in which women give sultans sums. For men, this is a massive status display. Any woves who caused displeasure were executed (often by drowning).
- Istanbul
- In ___, there exists a crater that symbolizes eternity. Many _____couples choose to marry here.
- Estonia; Estonian
- In ___, prior to getting married, a fiancee (female) purchases gold jewelry (in case she will lose everything-her husband may take away all of her possessions).
- Yemen
-
3 main ideas to account for spermatozoa variation are:
1)
2)
3) -
1) reproductive isolating mechanism
2) females prefer larger sperm
3) attractiveness of sperm accurately reflects the viability of the sperm's producer - A spermatozoa's ___consists of flagellum to provide a mechanical thrust.
- tail
- A spermatozoa's ___contains mitochondria-energy for flagellum propulsion.
- midpiece
- ___at head tip digests through outer egg layers.
- acrosome
-
A sperm consists of 3 parts:
1)
2)
3) - head, midpiece, and tail
- The male/female produces and delivers sperm.
- male
-
Pick one:
Ova or sperm: highly mobile, and have limited internal resources. - sperm
-
Pick one:
ova or sperm: specialized to deliver haploid chromosome payload. - sperm
-
Pick one:
Ova or sperm: immobile, loaded with nutrients that take up volume. - ova
- ___is the degeneration of ova throughout the lifespan of a female.
- artresia
- Females start life with a fixed quota of ___; many never ovulate.
- ova
- ___is the difference in the size of male and female gametes.
- anisogamy
- ___is small, produced by males, whereas ___are large, produced by females.
- sperm; ova
- Biting a partner's penis (apophallation) could minimize the chance that they will copulate again, so partner is more likely to use ___sperm from transfer.
- donated sperm
- Individuals having lost their penis through apophallation behave like ____as acceptors.
- females
- The process of apophallation may help ensure the recipient uses the sperm for ___rather than lunch.
- fertilization
- Sometimes slugs' long penises get knotted together during copulation. The owner is left with no alternative but to bite off their penis at the base, a process known as _____.
- apophollation
-
Penis function has been aimed toward 3 main purposes/functions:
1)
2)
3) -
1) removal/repositioning of repositioning of rival sperm w/in the female.
2) removal of copulatory plugs.
3) stimulation of the female. - "Lock and key hypothesis is challenged by the ____ ____ hypothesis: penises evolved to stimulate females during copulation.
- 'female choice' hypothesis
- Long established __ __ __ hypothesis says that penis design specifies species mating and prevents cross-mating between species.
- 'lock and key' hypothesis
- Ova/sperm are specialized to deliver haploid chromosome payload.
- sperm
- ___is the difference in thge size of male and female genitals.
- anisogamy
- The function of large, fleshy extensions of female external genitalia may be an attempt to ____to male penis length.
- counter-evolve
-
Why is there diversity in penis structure if the penis is just an appendage of semen transfer?
(2 main forces). -
1) competition between males
2) female choice - Additional penile appendages appear to be used for maintaining ____w/ the female. This is usually to the female's disadvantage.
- genital contact
- ____selection is responsible for the greater penis complexity in polyandrous insect species than in monogamous insect species.
- sexual selection
- There is greater penis complexity in polyandrous ____species than in its monogamous counterpart.
- insect
-
The ___hypothesis predicts greater penis diversity in monogamous insect species since it's critical that they copulate with the correct partner.
Is this hypothesis correct? - 'Lock and key' hypothesis; incorrect
- The____hypothesis states that species in which females routinely copulate with several males during a single reproductive cycle/estrous cycle tend to have much more elaborate penises than those of species where females are monogamous.
- 'stimulation' hypothesis
- Are there some species that have evolved multiple penises?
- Yes
-
Mammals have one of three penis designs:
1) ____(permanently erect) -dogs, pigs, cattle, and whales.
2) ____(os penis)-prmiates, rodents, insects, bats, carnivores
3) ____ (spongy compartments filled w/ blood)-humans -
1) fibroelastic
2) stiffening bone
3) hydraulic - Long-established ____hypothesis-penis design specifies species mating and prevents cross-mating between species.
- 'lock and key' hypothesis
- A spermatozoa's ____consists of flagellum to provide a mechanical thrust.
- tail
- A spermatozoa's ____contains mitochondria-energy for flagellum propulsion.
- midpiece
- Ova/sperm are highly mobile, and have limited internal resources.
- sperm
- A spermatozoa's ___contains mitochondria (energy for flagellum propulsion).
- midpiece
- The ___at the head of the sperm digests through outer egg layers.
- acrosome
-
Sagebrush Cricket and Scorpion Flies:
Why do males have a gin trap (teeth) on their back? - to catch the female. Female has a taste for blood.
-
What is the role of anogenital swelling in female chimpanzees?
Name 2 -
1) send sexual signals to male
2) gain food resources -
There are 2 theories of chimpanzee promiscuity:
1)
2) -
1) sperm competition
2) obfuscation theory-create confusion over the paternity of their child - In which way do Burrying Beetles prevent men from cheating on them?
- scolding, chivying, and harrying males.
- When a male____reaches climax, he explodes on purpose. He leaves his genitals inside female to prevent her from mating with another male.
- bee
- Females of this species only have sex with males who have territory.
- Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide
- Females and males of this species trade sex for food.
- Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide
- Promiscuous females of this species create more eggs than males who only mate once.
- Yellow-Rumped Honey Guide.
- The ___'s penis is covered with spines.
- Golden Poto's
- The more promiscuous a mate of the ___species, the more elaborate his penis.
- Golden Poto