BIOLOGY MIDTERM 1 TERMS
Terms
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"Biology of sex" is all except
a) behavioral studies
b) social studies
c) everything from a to z (anthropology to zoology).
d) it is all of these. - d. it is all of these.
- sex was invented __ years ago by ___.
- 2? billion years ago by bacteria
- the __system is associated with the 4 basic drives , and is overlaid and modified by the __ ___ ( ).
- the limbic system; cerebral cortex(reasoning).
- What are 3 hypotheses for why sex exists?
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DNA repair
the Tangled Bank (Williams/Ghiselin)
The Red Queen (Van Valen) - What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
- ⬢⬢ no searching for a partnerno searching for a partner ⬢⬢ no competitionno competition for mates with others of your sex for mates with others of your sex⬢⬢ reproduction is guaranteed reproduction is guaranteed⬢⬢ offspring are offspring are just like you - genetic fitnessjust like you - genetic fitness ⬢⬢ desirable traits not diluted out by breeding desirable traits not diluted out by breeding
- What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
- •• slow plodding evolutionary pace slow plodding evolutionary pace •• undesirable traits not diluted out by breedingundesirable traits not diluted out by breeding•• doesn doesn’’t mix up the gene poolt mix up the gene pool•• reduced coping capacityreduced coping capacity of the populationof the population •• your population can be decimated your population can be decimated underunder stress
- ___ and ___ drive genetic variation.
- sex and mutation
- organisms with mixed __ survive better.
- genes
- mutation: low level can be ___, high level can be ___.
- adaptive, fatal
- ___hypothesizes that once there are 2 types of gametes that have specialized into large genetically costly nutritional support(egg) & small energetically cheap for insemination (sperm) that you automatically have _____________________________________
- the sexual characteristics that favor success of one gamete over the other.
- Optimum characteristics of each sex for their reproductive role are not just ___ and ___, but are also linked to ___.
- anatomy & physiology; but also behavior.
- A hermaphrodite gene that favored spreading sperm rather than growing babies would increase genetic fitness of the carrier by allowing for more ___.
- reproduction
- ___ says "it may be better to leave some genetic mistakes as is and correct them later" in "The Advantage of Sex"
- Kondrashov
- sex can perhaps play a role in ____mutations.
- purging
- The main defect in Kondrashov's hypothesis is that ____. Pitted against a clone of asexual individuals, a sexual population must inevitably be driven ____ by the clone's greater productivity, unless the clone's ____ ___ can appear in time.
- it works too slowly; extinct; genetic drawbacks.
- The __ ___ hypothesis of the importance of sex is a reference to Lewis Carrol's Alice in Wonderland.
- Red Queen
- The Red Queen hypothesis is simple: sex is needed to ___ ____.
- fight disease.
- ___ invent new keys, ___ change the locks.
- Parasites; Hosts
- Sexual species can call on a "library"of locks unavailable to asexual species. The library is defined by 2 terms: ___ and __.
- heterozygosity and polymorphism
- Heterozygosity and polymorphism are lost when a ___ becomes inbred.
- lineage
- In the case of sicke cell, the sickle cell helps to defeat ___.
- malaria
- Where malaria is concerned, the ___ are better off than the ___.
- heterozygotes; homozygotes.
- In a game between sex and "asex," ___ always wins--other things being equal.
- "asex" (asexual reproduction).
- ___ is common in species that are little troubled by disease.
- asexual reproduction
- The best test of the Red Queen Hypothesis was a study by ___ and __.
- Lively and Vrijenhoeck
- Perpetually transient, life is a ___, not a ladder.
- treadmill
- 30,000 years of evolution has provided for higher order control of __/___.
- societal/personal.
- Genetic information is ____ over time.
- preserved.
- ____ gene hypothesis: "Our" genes build and maintain us in order to create more genes.
- "Selfish" gene hypothesis
- ___ ___ is necessary to stay alive long enough to make fresh copies.
- Self-Preservation
- What organism preserves their future by dying?
- The Praying Mantis
- The " ___ reproduction" of Pacific Salmon: devotes years to staying alive, then committs suicide in efforts to reproduce.
- "Kamikaze Reproduction"
- ___s are the ultimate environment manipulators, but are also ___creatures.
- humans; biological
- Without ___ to pass on its genes, an individual doesn't pass them onto the next generation.
- instinct
- ___ is NOT synonomous with sex.
- reproduction
- Asexual reproduction can occur by __ , ___, or ___ of the organism.
- fission, budding, or cloning of the organism.
- Lion ___ (male/females) make the ULTIMATE sacrifice.
- Lion males make the ultimate sacrifice.
- In certain types of spiders, the ___(spider) takes his life for the sake of sex.
- Male spider risks his life for the sake of sex.
- In certain fish types, ___ compete for the chance to fertilize females' eggs.
- Male fish.
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The individuals that carry the fishs' genes live for only ____(duration).
a) 5 years
b) 2-3 years
c)10 years
d)2 weeks - only a few years. (2-3 yrs).
- How do Sea Anenomes reproduce? Asexual or Sexual Reproduction?
- Asexual
- In which species is the female fully equipped to reproduce on her own?
- Gecco
- There are no MALES in the ___species.
- Gecco
- The bird species called ____enngages in a type of dance before mating by ____.
- Albatross; hitting their beaks together. (male and female).
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Sex evolved __years ago.
a) 2million
b)5billion
c)2 billion
d)800,000 - 2 billion yrs. ago
- 2 billion years ago,there also existed cells and eggs. The ___ were better at mating, and the ___ were more easily found.
- cells; eggs
- In Australia's Great Barrier Reef, some animals are ____-they need new gened to fertize their own.
- Hermaphrodites
- Each____tries to be male.
- Flatworm
- For the ___species, it is relatively cheap and easy for MALES to spread their genes.
- Flatworm
- In Venezuela, the ____ is 18 feet long and weighs more than 200 lbs.
- Anaconda
- ___females pick males based on their territories.
- Iguana
- Iguanas eat ___ ___.
- fresh seaweed.
- How do female Iguanas pick their mate?
- The female Iguanas observe a crowd of male Iguanas to choose the best one.
- ___put an enormous value on their gaudy appearance.
- Birds
- Sometimes bids' bright colors indicate a ___ ___.
- healthy diet.
- Some female birds search for multiple mating partners: t/f
- True
- An example of a polygamous bird species is the ____ ____ ____.
- Blue-Footed-Boobie.
- The bonus of the ___'s affair (bird) is that the male ______________.
- Blue-footed Boobie; the male won't have to raise the offspring that are not his.
- The ___ butterfy's smell and "virgin presence" attract males.
- Apollo
- The male gives the female butterfly ____(species) a "chastity belt" so that she cannot mate with any other male. How does he do this?
- Apollo; Male uses a Spike Plug.
- Elephant-seals live in a ___-like environment.
- Harlem-like
- Which invading male animal will kill any cubs he finds?
- Lion
- by ___ ___, reproductive strategies are created to favor the strongest, smartest, best-adapted organisms.
- "natural design"
- ___desire is built into EVERY organism.
- sexual desire
- Reproduction evolves through ____.
- Competition
- The cost of sex is lower for __ than ___.
- cost of sex: lower for males than females.
- DNA are found principally in the ___, which are found in the ___of the cell.
- chromosomes; nucleus
- Chromosomes, but not ___,can be seen with the light of a miscroscope.
- chromatids
- DNA is a type of ___ ___, and like all ___ ___s, it is formed by the sequential joining of molecules called nucleotides. .
- nucleic acid; nucleic acid(s)
- The sugar in DNA is ____.
- Deoxyribose
- DNA is ___-stranded.
- double
- ___hydrogen bonds between the bases hold the DNA strands together.
- weak
- Each base is bonded to another particular base, an arrangement called ___-___ pairing.
- Complementary-Base Pairing
- A is always paired with ___; C with ___, and vice versa.
- A with T; C with G, and vice versa.
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Step #___ in DNA replication:
New nucleotides, always present in the nucleus, fit into place beside each old (parental) strand by the process of ___ ___ ___. - Step #2; Complementary-Base Pairing
- The structure of DNA is said to resemble a ___. The sugar phosphate backbone makes up the __ ___ are the rungs.
- ladder; sides; paired bases
- ___of DNA occurs as a part of chromosome duplication. ____is facilitated by the structure of DNA.
- Replication
- Step in DNA replication: The ___bonds between the 2 strands of DNA break as enzymes unwind and "unzip" the molecule.
- hydrogen(bonds)
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DNA replication:step #___.
The new nucleotides become joined an enzyme that is called ___ ___because it forms a DNA polymer (molecule). - Step #3; the DNA polymerase.
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DNA replication: step #__.
___(#)complete DNA molecules are present, identical to each other and to the original molecule. - 4; 2 complete DNA molecules
- Each new molecule helix is composed of an___strand and a ___strand.
- old (parental) strand and a new(daughter) strand.
- Because each strand of DNA serves as a ___, or mold, for the production of a complementary strand, DNA replication is called ______.
- template; semi-conservative
- A replication error that persists is a ___, a permanent change in a gene that can cause a change in the phenotype.
- mutation
- ___is made up of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- RNA is ___-stranded.
- single-stranded
- Sometimes with ___, complementary base pairing occurs.
- RNA
- In general, ___is a helper to DNA, allowing protein synthesis to occur according to the genetic info that DNA provides.
- RNA
- There are __types of RNA, each with a specific function in ___.
- 3; protein synthesis
- In RNA, the base ___replaces the base ___.
- Uracil replaces Thymine
- Ribosomal RNA joins with proteins made in the ___to form the subunits of the ribosomes.
- cytoplasm
- In general, RNA is a helper to DNA, allowing __ ___ to occur according to the genetic information that DNA provides.
- protein synthesis
- ___is produced in the nucleus, where DNA serves as a template for its fornation.
- mRNA (messenger RNA)
- Messenger RNA is a ___molecule.
- linear
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is produced in the ___, and a portion of DNA also serves as a template for its production.
- nucleus
- tRNA transfers amino acids to the ____, where the amino acids are joined, forming a protein.
- ribosomes
- ___(#) different types of amino acids are joined, forming a protein.
- 20
- ___(#)different types of amino acids make up proteins; therefore, at least ___(#) of tRNAs must be ___in the cell.
- 20; 20; functioning
- Each type of tRNA carries only __type(s) of amino acid(s).
- 1
- Transfer RNA is produced in the nucleus, and a portion of DNA also serves as a ____for its production.
- template
- Each type of tRNA carries only 1 type of __ ___.
- amino acid.
- DNA provides the cell with a ___for synthesizing proteins.
- blueprint
- DNA resides in the ___, and protein synthesis occurs in the ___.
- nucleus; cytoplasm
- mRNA carries a copy of DNA's blueprint into the ___ before protein synthesis occurs.
- cytoplasm
- __(#) different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, which are synthesized at the __in the cytoplasm of cells.
- 20; ribosomes
- Proteins differ because the ___and___of their amino acids differ.
- number and order
- The ___of a protein helps to determine its function.
- shape
- The shape of a protein helps determine its __.
- function
- The protein ___is responsible for the red color of red blood cells.
- hemoglobin
- Albumins and Globulins (antibodies) are well-known ___proteins.
- plasma
- Muscle cells contain the proteins___and___, which give muscles substance and the ability to contract.
- actin and myosin
- Enzymes are___catalysts that speed reactions in cells.
- organic catalysts
- Enzymes are ___:(Enzyme E^A can only convert A to B; Enzyme E^B can only convert B to C, and so forth.
- specific
- The mental retardation seen in persons with Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by an inability to convert Phenylalanine to___.
- Tyrosine
- The lack of pigment in albinos is caused by an inability to convert ___ to ___.
- tyrosine to melanin
- DNA is found principally in the ___, which are located in the ___of a cell.
- chromosomes; nucleus
- ___is the synthesis of a polypeptide (many amino acids) under the direction of an mRNA molecule.
- Translation
- at the other end of each tRNA is a specific ___, a group of three bases complementary to an mRNA codon.
- anticodon
- If the codon sequence is ACC, GUA, AAA, what will be the sequence of amino acids in a portion of the polypeptide?
- UGG, CAU, UUU.
- The steps of polypeptide synthesis are:
- initiation, elongation, and termination
- During ___, mRNA binds to the smaller of the two ribosomal subunits; then the larger subunit associates with the smaller one.
- initiation
- During ___, the polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time. The incoming amino acid complex receives the peptide from the outgoing tRNA. The ribosome then moves laterally so that the next mRNA codon is available to receive an oncoming tRNA.
- elongation
- ___of synthesis occurs at a codon that means "stop" and does not code for an amino acid. The ribosome dissociates into its two subunits and falls off the mRNA molecule.
- termination
- A __ ___is a permanent change in the sequence of the bases in DNA.
- genetic mutation
- __mutations involve a change in a single DNA nucleotide, and therefore a change in a specific codon.
- point mutations
- ___mutations occur most often because one or more nucleotides are either inserted or deleted from DNA.
- frameshift mutations
- The result of a ___mutation can be a completely new sequence of codons and nonfunctional proteins.
- frameshift
- Genetic disorders are often inborn errors of ___because the inheritance of a faulty genetic code leads to a defective enzyme.
- metabolism
- ___ is one of the most common genetic disorders. At birth or later, the affected individual may have six or more large, tan spots on the skin. Such spots tend to increase in size and number and get darker. Small, benign tumors called ___ may arise from t
- Neurofibromatosis; neurofibromas
- Neurofibromatosis is a(n) ___ dominant/recessive disorder.
- Autosomal Dominant
- ____disease is a neurological disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of brain cells, which in turn causes severe muscle spasms and personality disorders.
- Huntington Disease.
- There is no effective treatment for the autosomal dominant diseae called ___ ___. Death comes 10 to 15 years after the onset of symptoms.
- Huntington Disease.
- Researchers hope they may be able to combat Huntington Disease by boosting ___levels.
- CBP levels
- __ ___is the most common lethal genetic disease among Caucasions in the United States. About one in 20 Caucasions is a carrier, and about one in 2,500 newborns has the disorder.
- Cystic Fibrosis
- ___occurs once in 5,000 newborns, so it is not as common as cystic fibrosis. However, it is the most commonly inherited metabolic disorder that affects nervous system development.
- Phenyletonuria
- Those with Phenylketonuria must be placed on a diet low in phenylalanine, if, at birth, elevated phenylalanine levels are detected. This diet must be continued until around age 7, otherwise ________develops.
- severe mental retardation
- Cystic Fibrosis is a(n) ___ ___disorder.
- Autosomal Recessive
- ___ ___disease is an ___ ___disease that usually occurs among Jewish people in the Unites States, most of whom are of central and eastern European descent.
- Tay-Sachs disease; autosomal recessive
- In __ __patients, the mucus in the bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts is particularly thick and viscous. Chloride ions fail to pass through plasma membrane channel proteins in affected individuals.
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Tay-Sachs disease causes ___bewteen the ages of four and eight months. Most affected individuals die by the age of 3 or 4.
- slowed development, neurological impairmennt and psychomotor difficulties, eventual blindness, uncontrollable seizures, and ultimately paralysis.
- Albinism is a(n) __- ___ disorder.
- Autosomal Recessive
- Albinism is an example of an ___, in which a gene affects the expression of other genes.
- epistasis
- In an ablino, any genes received for coloring cannot be expressed because of the mutated gene that prevents them from producing ___.
- melanin
- When ___ is present, the individual is unable to produce the pigment melanin, which is responsible for coloration of the skin, hair, and/or eyes. ___s do not see well and their eyes are subject to involuntary rapid eye movements.
- Albinism
- Meiosis is a part of both ___, production of sperm, and __, production of eggs.
- spermatogenesis; oogenesis
- ___ ___are products of oogenesis that contain chromosomes but little cytoplasm.
- polar bodies
- In humans, each gamete contibutes __(#) chromosomes.
- 23
- ___occurs during Meiosis I, when both members of a homologous pair go to the same daughter cell.
- nondisjunction
- When nondisjunction occurs during Meiosis II, sister chromatids fail to ___, and both daughter chromosomes go into the same daughter cell.
- separate
- A chromosomal ___is responsible for the syndrome cri du chat.
- deletion
- An infant with __ __ __ has a moon face, a small head, and a cry that sounds like the meow of a cat because of a malformed larynx; an older child has an eyelid fold and misshapen ears placed low on the head. Severe mental retardation later becomes eviden
- cri du chat syndrome
- A person with __syndrome is born a female.(XO)
- turner syndrome
- A person with __ syndrome is born a male.(XXY)
- klinefelter syndrome
- ___females are short, with a broad chest and folds of skin on the back of the neck. The ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus are small and underdeveloped.
- turner
- ___females do not undergo puberty or menstruate, and their breats do not develop.
- turner
- Males with __syndrome are usually taller than average, suffer from persistent acne, and tend to have speech and reading problems.
- jacobs syndrome
- A __comes into existence when a __sperm fertilizes a __egg.
- zygote; haploid; haploid
- Each parent contributes 1 chromosome of each type to a zygote, which then has the __number of chromosomes.
- diploid
- In mitosis, each chromosme has duplicated and is composed of 2 sister chromatids held together at a ___.
- centromere.
- At the completion of mitosis, each chromosome consists of a single ___.
- chromatid
- ___occurs in humans when tissues grow or when repair occurs.
- mitosis
- What are the stages of Mitosis, in order?
- Interphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- During ___chromosomes are randomly placed in the nucleus.
- prophase
- ___is characterized by a fully formed spindle, and the chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids, aligned at the equator.
- Metaphase
- ___is characterized by the diploid number of chromosomes moving toward the spindle.
- Anaphase
- ___is characterized by the formation of 2 daughter nuclei.
- Telophase
- ___is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles. In animal cells, a slight identification called a __ __ passes around the circumference of the cell.
- cytokinesis; cleavage furrow
- ___is often called reduction division.
- Meiosis