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- transformation
- incorporation of external genetic information
- phages
- viruses that repdoduce by infcting a cell and commandeering that cell's metabolic machinery
- Hershey and Chase
- discorverd that DNA was the inhertited genetic material
- chargaff
- ratio of nitrogenous bases is A=T and C=G
- Watson and Crick
- discorverd the double helix structure of DNA
- semiconservative model
- daughter DNA strands split and the new parent DNA strands consists of one old strand and one new strand of DNA
- origin of replication
- sites where replication begins
- DNA polymerases
- elongates DNA strand and
adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand
- antiparallel nature
- -two strands of DNA run in oppsite direcions
-
- direction DNA is replicated
- 5--->3 prime end
- leading strand
- is the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the lagging strand. It goes from a 3`-5` direction
- lagging strand
- the DNA strand at the opposite side of the replication fork from the leading strand. It goes from 3' to 5'
- primase
- enzyme that joins 10 RNA nucleotides to form the primer needed to start the chain
- primer
- •The initial nucleotide chain
- helicase
- enzymes that unwind the helix and separate the parent strand at replication forks
- single strand binding proteins
- proteins that keep the separate DNA strands apart
- how is DNA proofread?
- during replication, enzymes proofread DNA for errors
- mismatch repair
- process that repairs errors in DNA replication
-involves DNA polymerases
- excision repair
- DNA replication reparir where the damaged strand is cut out by nucleases and the gap is correctly filled
- DNA polymerases and ligases fill the gap
-
- how can DNA molecules be altered?
- reactive chemicals, radioactive emissions, x-rays, and UV light
- telomeres
- multiple repetitions of a short nucleotide sequence at the end of chromosomes
- protect an organism's genes from being shortenend during successive DNA replications.
- shortening of telomeres
- may limit cell division
- telomerase
- enzyme of germ line cells which lengthens telomeres
- Rosalyn Franklin
- her X- ray photographs were what Watson and Crick used to indicate the helix structure
- what attraction exists between nucleotides
- Van du Waal attractions
- what attraction exists between nucleotide base pairs?
- hydrogen bond
- Meselson and Stahl
- confirmed the semiconservative model of DNA replication with labeled DNA and locations of the density bands
- T2
- bacteriophage that infects the bacterium E.Coli
- used by Hershey and Chase to prove that DNA was the gentic material of a phage
- DNA replication
- the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand.
- DNA replication
- the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand.
