ACP Preread
Terms
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- Upper airway structures
- -nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx and larynx
- Lower Airway
- -Trachea, R/L bronchus, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveloi
- visisble during intubation
-
-epiglottis, glottis, rima glottis
-false vocal cords, true vocal cords
-2 of aryneiod cartilage - Nasopharynx
- -from posterior nares to soft palate
- Oropharynx
- -soft palate to hyoid bone
- Laryngopharynx
- -hyoid bone to start of esophagus
- Larynx
- -laryngopharynx to top of trachea, contains hyoid anc cricoid cartilage, vocal cords and structures visible during intubation
- Trachea
- -11cm long, 1 inch wide, from larynx to carina, smooth muscle and C rings of cartilage, lined with psudostratified columnar epithelium
- carina
- -r and l bronchus dividing point, sensitive to stimulation causes cough and constriction
- dead air space
- -ventilation without perfusion
- anatomic dead air space
- -amount of air in respiratory tract that does not penetrate to alveoli
- Alveoloar dead air space
- -air penetrates to alveoli that is not perfused
- Physiologic dead air space
- -sum of both anatomic and alveolar dead air space
- Left shift Oxy-hem dissociation
-
-alkalosis
-lower pCO2
-decreased temp
-low levels of 2,3 DPG
-Hemoglobins like myoglobin and fetal Hb - right shift Oxy-hem dissociation
-
-acidosis
-higher pCO2
-increased temp
-high levels of 2,3 DPG - Bohr effect
- -shift in curve by changes in CO2 and hydrogen Ion concentrations of blood
- Haldane effect
- -effect of oxygen on co2 tranport in blood (o2 dissociation from hemoglobin facilitates the pickup of CO2
-
Blood Gases
(ph)
(PaCO2)
(HCO3)
(PaO2)
(SaO2) -
-7.35 to 7.45 (H ion conc)
-35 to 45mmHg (dissolved CO2 in blood or ventilatory effectivenss)
-22 to 26mEq/L (metabolic effectiveness)
-80 to 100mmHg (O2 content of blood)
-95 % to 100% (percent of hemoglobin saturated - -Intracelluar Fluid
-
-fluid within cells
-two times larger than extracelluar fluid (40%) - Extracellular (2 compartments)
-
-Interstitial (15%)
-Intravascular (plamsa-5%) - Anions
-
-chloride (Cl-)
-bicarbonate (HCO3-)
-protein
-phosphate - Cations
-
-Potassium (K+)
-Sodium (Na+)
-Calcium (Ca++)
-Magnesium (Mg+) - Intracellular Anions and Cations
-
-proteins, phosphate (anions)
-K+, Mg+ (cations) - Extracellular Anions and Cations
-
-Bicarbonate, chloride (anions)
-Sodium, calcium (cations)