Bio 201C
Terms
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The organisms and their physical environments
- Ecosystem
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Structure of ecological thought
- Individua-Population-Interactions-Communities-Ecosystems-Landscapes-Regions-Bioshpere
- Increase in one process limited by another
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Negative feedback; deforestation and nutrients
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One process leads to another, which spurs the first
- Positive feedback; reforestation and nutrients
- A way to test ideas against reality
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Ecological theory
- No two species can coexist that use the same resources all the time
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Competitive exclusion principle; Warblers
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Can be tied to organism's interactions
- Direct effects (parasitoid wasp larvae)
- Affects another organsims without directy doing so
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Indirect effect; food web
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Small scale spatial variation in temperature
- Microclimate
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Amount of energy absorbed by ground based on its reflective ability
- Albedo
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Any measure related to fitness
- Performance
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Change in physiology in response to the environment
- Acclimate
- Heat balance
- Hs = Hm+-Hcd+-HCV+-Hf-He
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Ability of water to do work
- Water potential
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Water potential in a plant
- Pplant=Pmatic+Psolute+Ppressure
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Water balance in plants
- Wip = Wr+Wa-Wt-Ws
- Water balance in animals
- Wia=Wf+Wd+Wa-We-Ws
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Radiation used by plants
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Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
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Photosynthesis involving a 3C molecule
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C3 Photo
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Higher salt concentration in organism; dealing with it
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Hyperosmotic; drink little, absorb salt, piss dilutely
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Lower salt concentration in organism; dealing with it
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Hypoosmatic; drink, secrete salt, piss little
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Photosynthesis involving a 4C molecule and two different cells; more efficient, so it conserves water
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C4 Photo
- Like C4 photosynthesis, but stoma only open at night; most efficient
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CAM Photo
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Intake of food as a function of prey density
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Functional response
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Functional Repsonse Types
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I. Steady increase in feeding until filter is filled
II. Handling time-->decreasing increase in intake
<>III. increasing intake at low density, saturating response at higher densit -
a way to propose a theoretical relationship between the availability of things in the environment and how they take t
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Optimal foraging theory
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Size-selective feeding
- E/T=(Ne2 E2+Ne1 E1 &ndash
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a collection of individuals of one species in a given area
- Population
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Organism distribution in nature
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- Random
- Clumped
- Regular
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population density decrease due to intraspecific interactions
- Self-thinning
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Nt = lam^t No; growth when lam>1
- Exponential growth model
- Nt = No e^(r t); assumes overlapping generations; growth when r>0
- Survivorship curve types
I. Increasing death with age
II. Steady death rate
III. Decreasing death with age (desert herb)
- Ro
- =sum(lx mx)
- lam; r
lam =Ro
r = ln(Ro)/T
- weighted average
- T=sum(x lx mx)
- rate of predation changes as predators move
- Numerical response
- Logistic growth model
- dN/dt = rmax N (1 – N/K)
The curve starts exponential, but the growth rate slow around K/2 and flattens at K
- Sigmoidal population growth
- both consume same resources
- Exploitative competition
- no direct benefit to organisms
- Interference competition
- Lotka-Volterra competition model
dN1/dt = rmax1 N1 (1-N1/K1-(a12 N2)/K1)
dN2/dt=rmax2 N2 (1-N2/K2-(a21 N1)/K2)- Victory conditions on LVCM graph
- When two curves are parallel, the species on the higher isocline wins
- If the isoclines intersect and K1<K2/a21 and K2<K1/a12, the species coexist?
- Axes and equilibria on LVCM plot
- K1 on N1 axis
Two species cannot coexist that use the exact same resources; one species will outcompete
- Competitive Exclusion Principle
Set of environmental conditions that a species can persist under
- Niche
- environmental conditions that a species can persist under in the absence of biotic interactions
- Fundamental niche
- environmental conditions that a species does persist under after adding biotic interactions in the presence of biotic interactions
- Realized niche
- when species compete, their realized niches are smaller; being in a more restricted area of habitat, their characters move to fit that environment
- Character displacement
Collection of subpopulaitons
- Metapopulation
- set of properties of organisms as they go through life
- Life History
- Predators vs. Prey
Vertical = predator changes; counterclockwise series of vectors
- predator-prey model, prey
dNH/dt = rH NH – p NP NH
- Predator prey model, predator
dNP/dt = c p NP NH – dP NP
- Exponential growth model