2. cells and functions
Terms
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- Endergonic Reactions
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1. Energy input required
a. product has more energy than starting substances - Exergonic Reactions
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1. energy is released
a. products have less energy than starting substances - ATP
- cells earn ATP in exergonic reactions
- Electron Transfers
- 1. arrangement of enzymes, coenzymes, at cell membrane
- Concentration Gradienst
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1. means the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the # in another region
2. when other forces are not there , the substance moves from a region where it is more concentration to one with less concentration "down gradient" - Diffusion
- the net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
- Factors influencingenzyme activity
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1. cofactors
a. coenzymes
b. metal ions - Transport PRoteins
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1. span the lipid bulayer
2. change shape when they interact with a solute
4. play roles in active and passive transport - Passive transport
- flow of soluted DOWn concentration gradient w. no energy input
- Active transport
- against concentration gradient with energy (ATP)
- Osmosis
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1. diffusion of water molecules across a semipermiable membrane
2. direction of net flow is determined by water concentration gradient
3. side w. most solute molecules has lowest water concentration - tonicity
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1. relative solute concentration of 2 fluids
a. hypertonic-having more solutes
b. isotonic-having same amount of solutes
c. hypotonic-having fewer solutes