Implicit
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What type of memory Tulving argue procedural and priming (prs) are and why?
- semantic - past experience w/out knowing where/when memory came to be
- Nondeclarative memory definition:
- learning/memory changes that do not require/involve conscious use of memory
- When does memory seem to cooperate more? compete?
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Cooperate: very beginning of stages, new and complicated info more likely to bring on explicit symptoms
Compete: when go into procedural knowledge after mastery of skill - MTL: explicit _ implicit
- >
- Caudate: implicit _ explicit
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- Is there a positive or negative relationship b/w MTL and caudate? WHy?
- negative relationship b/c people thend to rely on one system more than other - this can change over time w/ skill learning
- What does the PFC do?
- executive, planning, monitoring and noticing something needs to get done
- What is the hippocampus used for?
- learning associations
- Why do you want the optimal amount of arousal?
- Too much/little arousal bad for explicit memory - don't remember this
- What can stress/trauma do for memory?
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Block consolidation of memory or damage the hippocampus and other MTL structures
Person cannot remember details but have emotional reaction - 2 categories of implicit at encoding:
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subliminal perception
conditioning w/out awareness - 3 categories of implicit memory at retrieval:
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repetition priming
controversies
other examples - Does subliminal perception work? Why or why not?
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No, when "drink coke" was flashed on screen the results were insignificant
But, product placement may work for associations and familiarity -builds over time - What deficit do neglect patients have?
- Damage to the parietal lobe, they have all the information coming in, but can no consciously see it all - only see right or left side
- Do neglect patients have an attentional or visual problem?
- attentional - can see everything, but only have one side in conscious
- Subliminal perception has bigger effects on brain activity than on __
- behavior
- What is implicit retrieval?
- unintentional (but possibly aware) - nondeliberate retrieval,
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Ebbinghaus showed that __ recall fluctuates with attention and that material might be retained to some degree but not ___
There are savings in __ -
conscious
accessible
relearning - Does savings in relearning represent implicit memory - explain both sides:
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No: know you are being tested and make a deliberate attempt to remember
Yes: still show savings even if you don't remember the item - Why doesn't repetition priming: theoretical accounts thereshold views work?
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Threshold view states that memory traces have diff strenghts and have to reach threshold for different types: lowest threshold = priming, medium threshold = familiarity and highest threshold for recollection
If this were true there wouldn't be any dissociations - there are differences in the results of implicit and explicit tests - 5 dissociations of repetition priming:
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LOP
Modality
Retention Inverval
Interference
Statistical independence - LOP dissociation example?
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Processing: shallow or deep
Test: implicit or explict
See a dissociation between deep or shallow processing in explicit memory - does deep processing go into semantic memory?
Others found this to be the opposite where deep processing was better for word completion tasks - Views of modality dissociation:
- modality effects priming but not explicit memory
- in the retention interval dissociation why was word fragment completion retained after 1 year?
- constrained cue that eliminates a lot of competition
- What is proactive interference:
- things leaned early make it harder to learn things later
- what is retroactive interference?
- things learned later may make it harder to remember things learned earlier
- What did the statistical independence dissociation show?
- performance on implicit tests did not correlate with performance on explicit tests
- What can the dissociations almost all be explained as?
- transfer appropriate processing and encoding specificity for what the test calls for explict/implicit
- What did the priming for associations study show?
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Intact pairs were fastest but hard to tell if it's perceptual, conceptual or both priming
Amnesics limited by perception - cannot recognize pair that has altered font/flipped - Priming and the brain is usually associated with __ in activity but only in regions with reduced __ __
- reduction, processing demands
- How does implicit retrieval measure attitudes?
- Response times show implicit associations - racisim, sexism, etc
- how does implicit retrieval influence attitudes?
- The more one is exposed to neutral stimuli the more they come to attribute positive meaning to it w/ fluency and reduced uncertainty about it
- Implicit at encoding can influence __ and has effects larger on __ than on __
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attitudes
brain than on behavior - Implicit at retrieval shows brain activation usually ___
- decreases
- implicit memory definition:
- memory without conscious recall
- explicit memory:
- memory with conscious recall
- 5 research areas to be reiveiwed by Schater on Implicit Memory:
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1. savings during relearning
2. effects of subliminally encoded sitimuli
3. learning and conditioning without awareness
4. repetition and priming
5. preserved learning in amnesics - What is impared in implicit memory of amnesia:
- cannot do explicit recall and recognition tests
- what is spared in amnsic implicit memory:
- perceptual, linguistic and skill learning
- implicit learning definition:
- learning something without being conciously aware that you are learning
- What is latent inhibition?
- multiple prior presentations of a neutral stimuli may interfer with its involvement in subsequent conditioning
- what is mere exposure effect?
- a tendency for a neutral stimulus to acquire positive value with repeated exposure - chinese symbols
- What are examples of competiton between implicit and explicit systems:
- Masters study on chocking when a skilled sportsman chokes under pressure - explicit and implicit compete cannot do procedural
- consolidation definition:
- time dependent process by which new trace is gradually woven into the fabric of memory by which its components and their interconnections are cemented over tiem
- Amygdala important for:
- emotional processing
- Hippocampus if found in the ___ and important for __ __ memory formation
- MTL long term memory
- Implicit memory brain regions:
- left motor and motor cortext
- explicit learning brain regions:
- right prefrontal, premotor and temporal lobe