Bio 225 Exam 1 - Lec 2
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- The four major elements
- H, O, C, N
- Carbohydrates, Lipids, are made of?
- C, H, O
- What makes up the other 55-65% of body mass?
- water!
- Define: Anabolism
-
Synthesis of organic molecules required for:
cell structure
cell function
and storage of energy - Define: Catabolism:
- breakdown of organic molecules into simpler compounds to release the energy stored in chemical bonds
- true or false? Anabolism and Catabolism are separate entities.
- FALSE - they go hand in hand.
- Define: Biochemical work
- anabolic and catabolic reactions
- released energy is utilized to perform cellular work in the form of...?
-
1. Biochemical work
2. Transport Work
3. Mechanical work
4. Repair and maintenance - Define: Mechanical work
- generate force and movement- beating of cilia, contraction of muscles and movement of chromosomes.
- Transport work
- Transport of material across plasma membrane
- What molecules can we use to produce energy?
- Carbohydrates>lipids>proteins
- Within the family of carbs, which is the first to break down?
- glucose
- if we are using carbs and fats, they break down to...
- water and CO2 with some energy
- If we are using proteins, they produce...
- ammonia - stinky and toxic
- How much energy is captured as chemical energy?
- 40 %. 60% is lost as heat energy
- Energy is stored in
- chemical bonds
- energy is released when
- chemical bonds are broken
- Energy storage molecules
- Carbs, fats, protein
- Energy Carriers
-
NADH (reduced form stored energy)
NAD+ (Oxidized form releases energy)
Most versatile is ATP! - Why is ATP a suitable molecule for an energy carrier?
-
1. Because of its structure
2. Because it can be recycled - Structure of ATP
-
Weak phosphate covalent bonds-- each phosphate group has a negative charge --> high energy phosphate bonds.
Instability of ATP structure makes it an ideal molecule for quick release of energy - Energy is released when ATP is...
- Hydrolyzed
- ATP Hydrolysis
- ATP hydrolysis involves the removal of the terminal phosphate group from ATP and in the process generates a large amount of energy.
- Glucose is stored in cells as _______.
- Glycogen
- Glycogen is a ________of __________.
- polymer of glucose.
- ANimals storage form of glucose is....
- glycogen.
- The process of Glucose to pyruvate is
- Glycolysis
- The process of glycerol converted back to pyruvate
- Gluconeogenesis
- Which element is a good source of energy?
- Hydrogen
- Complex organic molecules, rich in _________ are a good source (storage) of energy
- Hydrogen
- Tell me about glucose.
-
Central to cellular metabolism -- energy supply.
Stores energy
Precursor to most carbohydrates needed by a cell. - True or False: energy is stored as ATP
- FALSE - it\'s not stored as ATP, instead it is converted to ATP to be utilized by cells.
- Energy is stored as _______ __________ molecules, _______, fats, and _______ - that may break down and generate ____.
-
complex organic molecules,
carbohydrates,
ATP - Define: Energy Metabolism:
- all the pathways that will result in the production of energy
- Important steps in glucose breakdown and energy harvesting:
-
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron Transport System
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation - Where does glycolysis occur?
- in the cells cytoplasm
- Glycolysis converts ______ to _______.
- glucose to pyruvate
- One glucose molecule is producing how many ATP\'s and how many Pyruvates in Glycolysis?
- 2 and 2
- Pro\'s of Glycolysis
-
- ATP production rate is fast - glycolysis is preferred when immediate energy is needed
- Does not need oxygen - Cons of glycolysis
- Low energy yield - yields only 2 ATP compared to TCA cycle where 2 pyruvates of glycolysis yield total 36 ATP
- in low oxygen conditions (over-exercise) muscle cells switch to __________.
- glycolysis
- The Oxidative Metabolism steps:
-
1. Acetyl CoA
2. Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle
3. Electron Transport System (ETS)
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation - what is acetyl CoA made of?
- glucose, glycogen, pyruvate, amino acids, fatty acids, ketone bodies.
- Describe the Krebs Cycle
-
Second step in the formation of ATP
- not an isolated pathway but a collection of enzymativ pathways - part of catabolic and anabolic pathways (amphibolic pathway)
- occurs in mitochondrial matrix - Amphibolic pathway?
- part of catabolic and anabolic pathways
- Does all of the Krebs Cycle have to occur at once?
- No. parts can occur at different times
- Where does the Electron Transport System occur?
- within the inner mitocondrial membrane
- The electron transport system generates:
- a proton gradient, heat, and reactive oxygen.
- Define: Chemiosmosis:
- The coupling of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
- Define ATPSynthase:
- a protein complex that is the only place where H+ diffuses back into the mitochondrial matrix.