psych 105 exam 2
Terms
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- What are the four different levels of consciousness?
-
waking consciousness
self consciousness
wandering mind
altered states - waking consciousness
- aware and alert
- what is the hormone involved in sleep?
- Melatonin
- sleeps that only last a few seconds
- microsleeps
- 2 theories of sleep
-
adaptive-production of evolution
restorative - necessary to physical health of the body - when do dreams occur
- rem
- what does rem stand for
- rapid eye movement
- what sleep disorders occur in rem
- nightmares
- what sleep disorders occur in stage 4
- night terrors, narcolepsy which is where you fall immediately into rem during the day without warning
- what is freud\'s dream theory
- dreams symbolized repressed thoughts and memories
- what is manifest content
- actual dream
- what is latent content
- hidden true meaning
- activation-synthesis
- dreams are product of random signals sent to cortex
- what are amphetamines
-
speed
adderal
crystal meth - cocaine
- \"natural\" derived from coca plant
- what are the types of depressants
-
barbituates
benzodiazeines
alcohol - what are barbituates
-
they are the major tranquilizers.
ex sleeping pils - what are benzodiazepines
-
they are the minor tranquilizers
ex valium, xanax, roofies
- what do narcotics do
-
suppress pain by mimicking endorphins
ex opium, heroin - hallucinongens
-
alter perception of reality
ex lsd, pcp, shrooms, extasy
- learning is ________
- adaptive
- what is behaviorism
- observable experiences
- who was the first to study
- ivan pavlov
- what are reflexes
- involuntary movement
- what are the four parts of classical conditioning
-
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response - what is unconditioned stimulus
- naturally occuring stimulus that leads to reflex
- what is unconditioned response
- involuntary response to a UCS
- conditioned stimulus
- stimulus that causes a learned reflex
- conditioned response
- reflex response to a cs
- rules of classical conditioning
-
1 cs must come before us
2 short delay between cs and us
3 several pairings
4 cs is distinctive - what is stimulus generalization
- similar but untrained conditioned stimuli elicit response
- what is stimulus discrimination
- distinguishing between stimuli
- what is extinction
- weaking of a learned CR when CS is repedetly present without US
- what is the law of effect
- responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated
- primary reinforcer
-
satisfies basic needs
- secondary reinforcer
- value is learned
- continuous reinforcment
- each response is reincfced
- partial reinforcement
- some but not all responses are
- fixed ratio
- specific number of responses
- variable ratio
- the number required is different each time
- fixed interval
- specific amount of time must pass before a reinforcer is available
- variable interval
- amount of time before receiving reinforcer is unpredictable
- learned helplessness
- seligman
- discriminative stimulus
- any stimulus that provides a cue for making a certain response
- what is latent learnign
- learning that remains hidden until application becomes useful
- what is insight
- when animals act like humans
- what are the ways to process memory
- encoding, storing, retreive
- what are the 3 types of memory
- sensory, long term, short term
- sensory memory enters through the _____
- senses
- how is sensory transfered to short term
- through attention
- what do we do when we exceed capacity and need help storing
- chunking
- duration is
-
12-30 seconds without rehersal
- what is maintenece rehersal
- repeating info in order to maintain it in short term memory
- what is the capacity for long term memory
- it is unlimited
- what is duration of long term memory
- relatively permanent
- elaborate rehersal
- short term to long term by making the information meaningful
- declarative memory
-
things we know
affected by anterograde amnesia - non-declarative (procedural) memory
- the things we do (skills, habits)
- what is state dependent learning
- memories formed during a particular state will be easier to recall while in a similar state
- what is recall
- info must be \"puled\" from memory with cues
- automatic encoding
- certain info enters long term memor with little effort
- what is flashbulb memory
-
very visual
processes easier due to emotion - forgetting interference
- memories are stored but no always accesible because other info interferes
- proactive interferenc
- old info interferes with new learning
- retroactive interference
- new info interferes with retrieval
- what part of the brain is responsible for formation of new long-term memories
- the hippocampus
- retrograde amnesia
- loss of memory before memory
- anterograde amnesia
- inability to form new memories
- infantile amnesia
- inability to retrieve memores from much before 3
- what does rem behavior disorder result from
- failure to block signals to muscles which allows movement during REM
- which theory says sleep patterns are a product of evolution
- adaptive theory
-
What theory says that dreams are a product of random signals sent to the cortex?
- activation synthesis hypotsis
-
Learning involving the effects of consequences on behavior is known as ________________.
- operants
-
A conditioned response spontaneously reappearing when the original CS returns although the response is usually weak and short lived is called?
- spontaneous recovery
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What is Antabuse and Chantix used for?
- to quit smoking
-
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
- classical involves reflexes and is involuntary while operant is voluntary
-
The belief that one could/should have predicted the outcome of a past event is called?
- hindsight bias
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Old information interfering with new learning is called ____________ interference.
- proactive
-
In order to write the answer to an essay question, what kind of retrieval do we use?
- recall
-
Which approach to memory says that human memory is analogous to a computer and that there are three types of memory systems?
- information processing model
- what are the sings of sleep deprivation
- irritability, need alarm clock to wake up, fall asleep within 5 minutes of laying down, fall asleep while watching tv