Glossary of Research Exam 1
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- What is research?
- systematic inquiry
- NAME
this is systematic inquiry - reserach
- professionals routinly have (1)about their daily practices and which are answered best through research
- questions
- NAME
this cna very challenging, exhilarting, stimulating, and even frustrating - research
- T or F
research is a simple activity - false
- Implementing a research study in the (1)is more challenging than research conducted in the (2)
- (1)home, community, outpatient clinic, or medical center (2)lba or setting controled by the investigator
- What are (6)reasons to learn about the research process?
- (1)systematically build knowledge and test treatment activity (2)impact health policy and service delivery (3)particpate in research activities (4)enhance understanding of the daily practice (5)become a critical consumer of research literature (6)has the potential to improve your practice and thus improving the quality of life the people you serve and the health of your community
- Research yields a body of (1)
- knowledge
- What are (3)components that need to be included when defining research?
- (1)research is more than one type of investigate strategy (2)research is composed of thinking processes and specfic actions that must be clearly delineated and articulated (3)it must be logical, understandable, confirmable, and useful to meet the criteria of research
- Research is composed of (1)and (2)
- thinking and action processes
- NAME
this is more has more than one type of investigative strategy - research
- NAME
this is composed of thinking and action processes that must be clearly delinated and articulated - reserach
- NAME
this must be logical, understandble, confirmable, and useful to meet the criteria of this - research
- What are some methods for research?(4)
- (1)multiple strategies (2)experimental (3)prediction and hypothesis testing (4)nomothetic (5)naturalistic
- Experimental is also called (1)
- quantitative
- (1)is also called the quantitative
- experimental
- naturalistic is also called (1)
- qualitative
- (1)is also called qualitative
- naturalistic
- What are (2)types of multiple systematic strategies used in research?
- (1)experimental type design (2)naturalistic inquiry
- What are (3)types of thought and action processes used in reserach?
- (1)inductive (2)abductive (3)deductive
- What are (4)criteria needed for research?
- (1)logical (2)understandable (3)confirmable (4)useful
- action processes refers to (1)
- assumptions
- (1)refers to assumptions
- action processes
- Describe the experimental type (6)
- (1)reality is single (2)tends to be nomoethic (3)is deductive (4)a priori acceptance of truth exists (5)cause and effect (6)values and biases are held in check
- Make a chart comparing and contrasting experimental and naturalistic
- see powerpoint
- Make a chart comparing and contrasting experimental (7) and naturalistic (8)
- see powerpoint
- Describe naturalistic thinking(5)
- (1)multiple realities exist (2)can inductive or abductive (3)specfic to general (4)there is no prior acceptance of truth (5)values are inevitable and desirable
- Describe naturalistic appraoch(6)
- (1)multiple realities exist (2)can inductive or abductive (3)specfic to general (4)there is no prior acceptance of truth (5)values are inevitable and desirable (6)tends to be idographic
- What is deductive reasoning?
- this involves moving from a specific case to a broader generalization about the phenomenon under study
- NAME
this refers to moving from a general principle to understanding a specific case - Inductive reasoning
- NAME
this involves moving from a specfic case to a broader generalization about the phenomenon under study - deductive reasoning
- What is abductive reasoning?
- involves the development of new theoretical propositions that account for a set of observations which cannot be accounted for or explained by a previsou proposition or theoretical framework
- NAME
this reasoning involves involves the development of new theoretical propositions that account for a set of observations which cannot be accounted for or explained by a previsou proposition or theoretical framework - abductive reasoning
- How are the experimental and naturalistic thinking similar?
- they both describe, predict and explain phenomena
- What are some sources of knowledge? (8)
- (1)authority (2)hearsay (4)trial and error (5)history (5)belief (6)spiritual understanding (7)intuition (8)logical reasoning
- What are (4)characteristics of reserach?
- (1)logical (2)understandable (3)confirmable (4)useful
- WHat are some other ways of knowing?(8)
- (1)authority (2)hearsay (4)trial and error (5)history (5)belief (6)spiritual understanding (7)intuition (8)logical reasoning
- What is authority?
- is being told by a respected or trusted source
- NAME
this is being told by a respected or trusted source - authority
- What is hearsay?
- is 2nd hand info that is not verified
- NAME
this is 2nd hand info thati s not verified - hearsay
- What is belief?
- knowing w/out verification
- NAME
this is knowing w/out vertification - belief
- What is intuition?
- explanations of human experience based on previous unique and personal organization of one's own experience
- NAME
these are explanations of human experience based on previous unique and personal oganization of one's own experience - intuition
- What is spiritual understanding?
- knowing through diviine belief
- NAME
this is knowing through divine belief - spiritual understanding
- What do we mean by confirmable?
- it means the reserach can clearly understand the strategies used and arrive at similar outcomes if it is repeated
- What are the (10)essentials of research?
- (1)id the philopsophical foundation (2)frame a research probem (3)determine the suporting knowledge (4)id theory base (5)develop a specfic question or query (6)select a design strategy (7)set study boundaries (8)obtain info (9)analyze info and draw conclusions (10)share and use research knowledge
- Experimental type has (1)approach
- linear
- (1)has a linear approach
- experimental type
- NAME
this type of research is diverse and complex - naturalistic
- the naturalistic is (1)and (2)
- diverse and complex
- What is a philosophical foundation?
- is how a person, learns about an indivudal behevaior, health or other phenomena
- NAME
this is how a person learn about an indivudal behavior, health or other phenomena - philosophical foundation
- What is reserach problem?
- is an experssion of the dilemma that needs investigation
- NAME
this is an expression of the dilemma that needs investigation - research problem
- What is supporting knowledge?
- is a critcal review of the existing scientific literature
- NAME
this is a critical review of the existing scientific literature - supporting knowledge
- What is a theory?
- is an abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about how phenomnea are inter-related
- NAME
this is an abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about phenomena are inter-related - theory
- What is research question? (3)
- (1)specfic setof questions (2)broad direction of the reserach inquiry (3)specfic questions transpire during the process of learning about a phenomenon
- NAME
this is a specfic set of questions, broad direction of the reserach inquiry, and specific questions transpire during the process of learning about a phenomenon - research question
- What kind of research questions are there? (5)
- (1)identification (2)descriptive (3)explorative (4)explanatory (5)predication and control
- NAME
some types of these are identification, descriptive, explorative, explanatory, and predication and control - research questions
- What is a descriptive question?
- observes, counts, describes, and classifies
- NAME
this type of question observes, counts, describes, and classifies - descriptive question
- What is a explorative question?
- investigates the full nature of the phenomenon
- NAME
this is type of question investigates the full nature of the phenomeon - explorative question
- What is a explanatory question?
- often linked to theory and understanding the cuases of phenomenon
- NAME
this type of question often linked to theory and understanding of the cuases of phenomenon - explanatory question
- What is research desgin?
- is the overall plan for answering the reserach question
- NAME
this is the overall plan for answering the reserach question - research design
- What is the experimental type research design?
- strategies are clearly id prior to the data collection
- NAME
this strategies are clearly id prior to the data collection - the experimental type research design
- What is the naturalisic tpye research design?
- are elements of the design envolve over the course of the study
- NAME
these are the elements of the design envolve over the course of the study - naturalistic desing
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
What is the decision making process of AIDS patients seeking treatmetn - naturalistic
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
what effect does room temperature have on colonization rate of bacteria in urinary catheters? - experimental
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
what are the sources of stress amoung nursing home residents? - naturalistic
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
does therapeutic touch affect the vital signs of hospitlized patients? - experimental
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
what are the effects of prenatal instrucation on the labor and delivery outcomes of pregant women? - experimetnal
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
what are the health care needs of the homeless, and what are the barriers they face in having those needs met? - naturalistic
- Describe what makes up study boundaries? (6)
- (1)the limit the scope of the study (2)makes the study feasible (3)number of participants (4)length of the study (5)conceptual dimensions (6)type and number of questions
- NAME
this limits the scope of the study, makes the study feasible, number of participants, length of the study, conceptual dimensions,and type and number of questions - study boundaries
- How do you obtain info? (3)
- (1)questionnaires (2)observations (3)interviews
- How do you analysis the data for a experimental type reserach?
- the data is classifed according to the level of reserach
- How do you anaylsis the data for a naturalistic inquiry?
- as ongoing process that informs data collection and to interpret the info acquired
- What are some ethical considerations that need to be made? (3)
- (1)human subjects (2)investigator conduct (3)ethics of the question and design procedures
- What are (2)things that are part of philosophical foundation?
- (1)ontology (2)epistemology
- What is ontology?
- is view or definition of reality
- NAME
this is a view or definiation of reality - ontology
- What is the epistemology?
- is the nature of knowledge and how we come to know it
- NAME
this is the nature of knowledge and how we come to know it - epistemology
- What is the philosphical foundation of experimental reserach?
- (1)epistemology of logical positivism (2)deductive process (3)hypothesis testing (4)bias eliminated through objective inquiry and analysis
- NAME
this is epistemology of logical postivism, deductive process, hypothesis testing, bias eliminated through objective inquiry and anaylsis - experiemtnal reserach
- What are the philosophical foundation of naturalistic inquiry?(6)
- (1)holstic (2)the outside world and an individuals ideas are interrelated (3)knowledge based on perception (4)based on reductionism (5)reality is determined by an individuals lenses or baises (6)those who have the experience are most knolwdewable
- NAME
this philosophical foundation is based :(1)holstic (2)the outside world and an indivudals ideas are interrelated (3)knowledge based on preception (4)based on reductionism (5)reality is determined by an individuals lenses or baises (6)those who - naturalistic reserach
- What is the holistic approach?
- means that there are multiple philosophical traditions
- NAME
this means that there are multiple philosophical traditions - holistic approach
- What is reductionism?
- is that the human experience cannot be understood by separating the parts
- NAME
this is the idea that human expereince cannot be understood by separating the parts - reductionism
- What is integrated research?(4)
- (1)multimethod reserach (2)philosophical paradigm of pregmatism (3)generates more in depth knowledge (4)puropseful and logical development combines elements of the thinking action process from both tradiations
- NAME
this involves these things:
(1)multimethod reserach (2)philosophical paradigm of pregmatism (3)generates more in depth knowledge (4)puropseful and logical development combines elements of the thinking action process from both tradiations - integrated reserach
- How do you select a research tradition and design strategy?(3)
- think about (1)what you want to accomplish or reserach purpose (2)preferred way of knowing (3)exisiting knowledge in area of interest
- T or F
Positivist assumes that reality exists and that it can be objectively studied and known - F
- T or F
Positivist assumes subjectivity is considered inevitable and desirable in inquiry - T
- T or F
Naturalist relies primarily on the collection and analysis of quantitative information F - F
- T or F
Positivist inquires focus on discrete, specific concepts while attempting to control other aspects of a phenomenon - T
- What paradigm is sometimes referred to as phenomenologic?
- Logical positivism
- Because scientific method is not concerned with isolated phenomena. What is a key characteristic of the scientific method?
- Generalization
- What is the setting of naturalistic inquiry?
- the field
- The process of developing generalizations from specific observations is referred to as (1)
- inductive reasoning
- What is the type of research that involves the systematic collection and analysis of controlled, numerical information
- Experimental research
- What type of research involves the systematic collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials
- Naturalistic type research
- What is the most ingrained source of knowledge and difficult to challenge
- tradition
- What is the purpose of the design of an experimental type research?(2)
- (1)restrict or control extraneous infleunces (2)provides a degree of certainty that observations are objective
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
the purpose of design of this research is to restrict or control extraneous infleunces and provides a degree of certainty that observations are objective - experimental type
- How do you chose the design in experimental type reserach?(3)
- based on the (1)literature review (2)level of theory development (3)research question
- Describe the sequence of experimental research?
- (1)problem statement (2)theory (3)research question (4)DESIGN (5)data collection (6)data analysis (7)reporting
- What is the indepedent variable?
- is the intervention or treatment
- NAME
this is the intervention or treatment - independent variable
- What is the dependent variable?
- is the response or outcome
- NAME
this is the response or outcome - dependent variable
- What is the differ btwn the independent and dependent variable? (2)
- (1)independent variable= is the intervention or treatment (2)dependent variable= response or outcome
- What is the intervening variable?
- is the phenomenon that has an effect on the study of the variable?
- NAME
these include either confounding or extraneous variables - intervening variable
- What is a concept?
- symbollicaly represents observation and experience
- NAME
this symbolically represents observation and expereince - concept
- What is the construct?
- represetns a model of relationships among two or more concepts
- NAME
represents a model of relationships among two or more concepts - construct
- What is the differ btwn the concept and construct? (2)
- (1)concept=symbolically represents observation and experience (2)construct= represents a model of relationships among two or more concepts
- What is a conceptual definition?
- concept expressed in words
- NAME
this is a concept expressed in words - conceptual definition
- What is a operational definition?
- how the concept will be measured
- What is the differ btwn conceptual and operational def?
- (1)conceptual def=concept expressed in words (2)operational def=is how the concept is measured
- NAME
this is how the concept is measured - opertaional def
- What is the variable?
- operational def of a concept assigned numerical variable
- NAME
this is an operational def of a concept assigned numerical variable - variable
- NAME
this is the presumed cause of the dependent variable - independent variable
- NAME
this is the phenomenon that has an effect on the study of the variable - intervening variable
- NAME
this is the phenomenon that is affected by the indepedent variable or is the presumed effect or outcome - dependent variable
- the dependent variable is the phenomenon that is affected by the (1)or is the presumed (2)or (3)
- (1)independent variable (2)effect (3)outcome
- What is a hypothesis?
- an educated guess
- NAME
this is a testable statment taht indicates what the reseracher expects to find - hypothesis
- hypothesis is a testable statement that indicates what the (1)
- researcher expects to find
- What are the bias in the plan design? (3)
- (1)intervening variable (2)instrumentation (3)sampling
- NAME
some of these in the plan design include intervening variable, instrumentation, and sampling - bias
- What are the plan of the design?(3)
- (1)bias (2)manipulation (3)control=random group assignment and control group
- What are some types of validity? (3)
- (1)internal validity (2)external validity (3)reliability
- NAME
some types of this include=intenral validity, external vaility, and reliability - validity
- What is internal validity?
- are threats to internal validity
- NAME
these are threats to intenral validity - internal validity
- What is external validity?
- are threats to external vailidty
- NAME
these are threats to external validity - external validity
- What are (7)threats to internal validity? (7)
- (1)history (2)testing (3)instrumentation (4)maturation (4)regression (5)mortality (7)interactive effects
- NAME
some of these include history, testing, instrumentation, maturation, regression, mortality, and interactive effects - threats to internal validity
- What are some threats to external validity? (2)
- reactivity and realism
- NAME
some of these include reactivity and realism - external validity
- What is how is reactivity a threat?
- is the extent to which the subjects are responding to the condition of being part of the study
- How is realism a threat to external validity?
- the extent to which the experimental conditions stimulate the actual life situations to which the population is exposed
- What is the purpose of a naturalistic design's reserach?
- to describe, understand, or interpret daily life experiences
- NAME
the purpose of this reserach is to describe, understand or interpret daily life experiences - naturalistic design
- What is the context of naturalistic design?
- the invesitagtor travels to the setting where the human phenomena occurs
- NAME
the contex of this reserach is the invesitagotor travels to the setting where the human phenomena occurs - naturalistic design
- What is the pluralistic perspective of reality in a naturalistic design?
- means the same info may have different meaning or pluratisc interpretations by different indivudals
- NAME TYPE OF RESEARCH
the pluralistic perspective of realitiy for this reserach is that the same info may have different meaning or plurastic interpretations by different indivudals - naturalistic design
- What is transferability?
- is not generalizable but to generate explanations, theories, and principles
- NAME
this is not generalizable but to generate explanations, theories and principles - transferability
- Describe naturalistic design
- (1)is a pluralistic perspective of reality (2)transferability (3)flexibility (4)concern w lanaguage (5)emic/etic perspective (6)is an interactive and analytical process
- NAME
this has the following:(1)is a pluralistic perspective of reality (2)transferability (3)flexibility (4)concern w lanaguage (5)emic/etic perspective (6)is an interactive and analytical process - naturalisic design
- How is the naturalistic reserach flexible?
- by their is no blueprint
- What is the emic perspective?
- is the inforamants way of interpreting an experience
- NAME
this is the inforaments way of interpreting an experience - emic perspective
- What is the eitic perspective?
- is the perspective of those that are external to a group
- NAME
this is the perspective of those that are external to a group - eitic perspective
- What is the differ tbwnt eitic and emic perspective?
- (1)emic=is the informants way of interpreting an experience (2)etitic=perspective of those that are external to a group
- What are some true experimental designs?(3)
- (1)random selection (2)control group (3)intervention (4)randomization (5)manipulation
- NAME
these include random selection, control group, intervention, and manipulation - true experimental designs
- What is the control group?
- is the group that has no exposure to the experiment
- NAME
this is the group that has no exposure to the experiment - control group
- What is an intervention?
- is the manipulation of the indepdent variable
- NAME
this is the manipulation of the independent variable - intervention
- What are some types true experimental design? (4)
- (1)posttest only designs (2)solomon four group designs (3)factorial designs (4)counterbalance designs
- NAME
these include posttest only designs, solomon four group designs, factorial designs, and counterbalance designs - true experimental designs
- What is solomon 4 group designs?
- combines the pretest-postest w postest only design
- NAME
this combines the pretest-postest w postest only design - solomon 4 group design
- What are some benefits of the solomon 4 group designs?
- ability to detect interaction
- NAME
some benefits of this is its ability to detect interaction - solomon 4 group designs
- What is a factorial design?
- simultaneous manipulation of 2 or more variables
- NAME
this is the stimultaneous manipulation of 2 or more variables - factoral design
- What is the counter balance design?
- is more than 1 intervention in which the intervention is manipulated
- NAME
this is more than 1 intervention in which the intervention is manipulated - counter balance design
- Describe a quasi-experimental type research
- random assignment is absent and has control group and manipulation
- NAME
this type of design does not have a random assignment and has control group and manipulation - quasi-experimental type reserach
- What are post-test only designs?
- are random assignment of individuals to two groups w Collection of data after the intervention.
- NAME
these are random assignments of individuals to two groups w collection of data after the intervention - post-test only designs
- What is non-equivalant control group?
- is the pretest and postest comparision group w.out randominzation
- NAME
this is the pretest and postest comparision group w out randomization - non-equivalant control
- What are interrupted time series?
- is a repeated measurement of the dependent variable before the intro of the independent variable w no control or comparison group,
- NAME
this is a repeated measurement of the dependent variable before the intro of the independent variable w no control group or comparison group - interrupted time series
- What is an advantage if the nonequivalent control group?
- control for threat of maturation and time related changes
- NAME
an advantage of this is that the control for threat of maturation and time related changes - nonequivalent control group
- What are some things that the researcher should think of in a Quasi-experimental design?
- the researcher should be cautious about infering causal relationships in light of limitations
- NAME
for this type of design, the reseracher should be cautious about infering causal relationships in light of limitations - Quasi-experimental design
- What are some types of quasi-experimental design? (2)
- (1)nonequivalent control group (2)interrupted time series
- NAME
there are two types of these: nonequivalent control group and interrupted time series - quasi=experimental design
- What is pre-experimental ?
- i two of 3 criteria for the experimental are absent and outcomes does not support causal relationships
- NAME
this is two or three critera for the experimental are absent and outcomes does not support causal relationships - pre-experimental
- What are some types of pre-experimental? (3)
- (1)one-shot case study (2)pretest postest design (3)static group
- NAME
some of these include one-shot case study, pretest design, and static groupo - pre-experimental
- What is advanatage of pre-experimental?
- easier than quasi experimental
- NAME
one advantages of this is that it is easier than quasi experimental - pre-experimental
- What is a one shot case study?
- is when a independent variable is introduced than the dependent variable is measured
- NAME
this is when a independent variable is introduced than the dependent variable is measured - one shot case
- What is pretest=postest design?
- has several threats to internal validity
- NAME
this has several threats to internal validity - pretest=postest design
- What is a static group comparison?
- is a comparison group added to the one shot case study
- NAME
this is a comparison group added to the one shot case study - static group comparison
- What is nonexperimental?
- is the stastical manipulation of data and post-hoc manipulation through anaylsis
- NAME
this is the stastical manipulation of data and post-hoc manipulation through anaylsis - non-experimental
- What is non-experimental useful for?
- testing a concept that naturally occurs
- NAME
this useful for testing a concept that naturally occurs - non-experimental
- What are some types of non-experimental? (3)
- (1)surveys (2)passive observations (3)ex post facto designs
- NAME
some types of these include surveys, passive observations, and ex post facto designs - non-experimental
- What are surveys?
- Are used to measure the prevalence of variables w in a population
- What is ex post facto design?
- The purpose is to study relationships among variables
- NAME
The purpose is to study relationships among variables - Ex post facto
- NAME
These can be used to this: sources of research problems, clinical experience, literature in the discipline, social issues, theories, and ideas from external sources - id topic
- T or F
Correlation = causation - false
- What is an advantage of ex post facto design?
- It examines and quantifies naturally occurring phenomena
- Who said
“Well began is half done” - Id a topic
Aristotle
- Aristotle said (1)
- ‘well began is half done
- What is the research problem?
- Is the prexiling or troubling condition
- NAME
This is the perplexing or troubling question - research problem
- What is the research question?
- Is the statement of a specific question or query the researcher wants to answer
- NAME
This is the statement of a specific question or query the researcher wants to answer - reserach question
- NAME
This is a prediction of the answers to the research questions - hypothesis
- What is the statement of purpose?
- Is a summary of the overall study goal in which key concepts and variables are id
- NAME
This is a summary of the overall study goal in which key concepts and variables are id - Statement of purpose
- What are (2)types of research problems?
- (1)experimental (2)naturalistic
- NAME
This has two types: experimental an naturalistic - research problems