- -classical conditioning
-instrumental conditioning
-structured learning - the 3 types of learning involved in personality dev\'t (Cattell)
- a method (exemplified in Cattell\'s research) that begins w/ collection of data, which then leads to hypotheses
- Inductive reasoning
- a tendency to respond in a particular way in a particular situation to a particular object or event.
derived from a sentiment - attitude
- Cattell suggested 2 reasons for psychopathology:
- 1) an abnormal imbalance of the normal personality traits
2) the possession of abnormal traits that are not found among normal individuals - Cattell thought these were the building blocks of personality and are the most important concept in his theory
- traits
2 types:
Surface and
Source - Cattell used a Nomothetic approach towards factor analysis-->2 types
- R-technique and
P-technique - Cattell: empirical research
-believed a theory of personality is of little value unless it can predict behavior - predictive science
- Cattell\'s contribution to the psychology field:
- Beyondism: Cattell\'s proposal that scientific facts be utilized to create moral systems rather than religious illusions or philosophical speculation
- complex statistical technique based on the concept of correlation which Cattell (and Eysenck) used to discover and investigate personality traits
- factor analysis
(uses correlation, correlation coefficient,etc..) - concern for oneself that is a prerequisite to the pursuit of any goal in life.
Organizes the entire personality - self-sentiment
- Consists of 3 aspects:
-learning
-importance of early experience
-syntality - Cattell\'s multiple influence approach of Personality Development
- constitute a person\'s personality structure and are thus the ultimate causes of behavior
- source traits
(causally related to surface traits) - constitutional dynamic source trait that provides the energy for all behavior, similar to a Primary Drive
(hunger, thirst)
- Erg
- constitutional source trait that determines a person\'s emotionality and style of behaving. Determine the speed, energy, and emotion with which a person responds to a situation
- temperament trait
- criticisms of Cattell\'s theory include:
- -too subjective
-behavior is not as consistent as factor theories suggest
-excessive emphasis on groups and averages - description of the traits that characterize a group or a nation
- Syntality
- display of the many correlation coefficients that result when many sources of info (data) are intercorrelated
- correlation matrix
- Empirically, Cattell also believed that behavior is a function of a finite # of variables, and if those variables were completely known, behavior could be predicted with complete accuracy
- Determinism
- environmental-mold, dynamic source trait. Similar to secondary or learned drives.
consist of:
-attitudes
-sentiments - Metaerg
- general problem-solving ability that is largely innate
- fluid intelligence
- genetically determined source trait
- Constitutional source trait
- L- life record
demographic data (age,gender,race,
etc..) - L-Data
- learned predisposition to respond to a class of objects or events in a certain way. (career,sports,religion etc..)
One type of Metaerg - sentiment
- learning to make a response that will either make a reward available or remove an aversive stimulus
- instrumental conditioning
- motivational trait that sets a person in motion toward a goal. Cattell postulated the existence of 2 types of dynamic traits:
-Ergs
-Metaergs - dynamic trait
- outward manifestations of source traits. These are the characteristics of a person that can be directly observed and measured
- surface traits
- Q- questionnaire
Questionnaires where subjects rare themselves on various characteristics & also performance on self-report inventories - Q-Data
- source trait that is determined by experience rather than heredity
- Environmental-mold trait
- systematic search of a correlation matrix in order to discover factors
- cluster analysis
- T- Test
data is gathered in situations where subject doesn\'t know what aspect of their behavior is being evaluated - T-Data
- trait that determines how effectively a person works toward a desired goal.
Intelligence is such a trait...2 types:
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
- Ability trait
- type of factor analysis that traces the strength of several traits over a period of time for the same person
- P-technique
- type of factor analysis where many subjects are measured on many variables and the scores intercorrelated
- R-technique
- type of intelligence that comes from formal education or general experience. Most intelligence tests attempt to measure this
- crystallized intelligence
- type of learning in which a stimulus that did not originally elicit a response is made to do so.
- classical conditioning
- type of learning that results in rearranging one\'s personality traits. Cattell believes this is the most important type of learning
- structured learning
