- anapsids
- all extinct except for turtles
- animals evolve from protists
- 650 mYAoriginally not very advanced, but lots of variety ex. hydra (mini squid) in about 10 my the started to diversify, but still rare in number because of harsh conditions on earth
- bacteria on earth
- 3.7-2 BYA
- brush turkeys
- make mounds, females choose the best mounds, get to lay and egg there if the male gets to mate with them.
- cambrian explosion
- 550myahuge explosion of diversity resulting in the ancestors of everything we see today. lots of experamentation, so lots of critters we won't see again today. proof found in:
the Burgess Shale (canadian rockies) 520mya - cephalization
- evolution of the head and tail- perception, eating, and movement during the cambrian explosion
- chlamydomonas
- an alga which has a plus and minus gender. chloroplasts engage in a war killing 95% of them and the plus overwhelms the minus. compares it to romeo and juliet (102)
- coelomization
- evolution of the gut- digestion and energy use
during the cambrian explosion
- colonial organism
- sponges for example- can be put into a blender and will grow back together, because they are not fully dependent upon one another. they started to evolve the dependence however, as time went on and they aggregated together.
- conjugation
- reproduction by bacteria by means of a pipe between bacterium
- cretaceous I
- 75 mya, angiosperms: flowering plants. new reproductive method, reliant on insects for reproduction
- cretaceous/ tertiary
- 65mya space rock, birds and mammals take advantage
- crossing over
- swapping of genes
- current # of vertebrates
- 56,000 total species
- diapsids
- reptile category, lizards, dinosaurs, crocs, snakes
- diploid
- 2 copies of the dna- what is made in the female after sex, one from mother, other from sperm
- early carboniferous
- 325 myacarboniferous aphibians, like the euryops, frogs, toads, salamanders, they move out because theres food! insects have been around for 100 my!
- early devonian II
- armored fish, most fresh and saltwater fish, eels and sharks, JAWED FISH
- elephant seals v the albatross v sage grouse
- elephant seals gather and gather a harem, the albatross conversely remains faithful to one their whole life. the sage grouse gathers in a flek, females all go after one, copy each others preferences.
- end permian extinction
- 248mya95% of all species extinct50% of families goneplants insects, reptiles going extinct, amphibians and marine life very hard hit
- energy hypothesis/ reproductive assymetry
- Trivers: the sex which puts hte least amount of energy is rewarded the most by seeking quantity rather than quality
- eukaryotes
- pretty much everything else; plant, animal, fungi. generally require oxygen, hence their first appearance at 2.0bya
- first eukaryotes
- mitochondria and chloroplast at 2.0byathese first ones are known as protists
- Fisher
- sexy son, good taste theory
- four commandments of mating system theory
- 1. If Females can do better in a monogamous relationship, they will enter tht unless
2. the male coerces them otherwise.
3.If females do no worse in going with already married males, polygamy results.
4. Unless the already mated female - fungi and plants evolve from protists
- 500 mya
- Hamilton-Zek parasite theory
- females continue to remain choosey, do the traits represent disease resistance?sometimes the extra features can hurt survival however.
- haploid
- what gets sent for fertalization, just one copy.
- hominid evolution I
- 4mya. The first step in evolution was standing upright, NOT brain developmentspecialized limbs
- jungle climate
- 10mya lots of apes!
- jurassic
- 150myadespite diapsid domination, synapids begin evlution into mammals
- Late carboniferous
- 300myareptiles!
- late devonian
- 350 myalobed fish, coelacanth- possible predecessor of the amphibianacanthostega- "fish with fingers" transitional form
- lek paradox
- eventually if these birds keep lekking, there will be no difference between males and choosig will loose its purpose.
- location of early animals
- mostly acquatic, however, some bacteria may have lived on land
- male/female ratios in oppossums
- trivers-willard; well fed opossums more likely to have males because they are more likely to have a harem.
- multicellular life evolves
- 1 BYA, as told by fossils
- neanderthals
- 25,000 ya extinct
- pikia
- ~550 mya from burgess shale, ancestor of possibly al vertebrates, like the modern lancelet
- Plants
- evolved around 550-500mya from protists, used sunlight as their primary source of energy
- problem with oxygen
- highly electromagnetic, so it steals electrons, killing many bacteria because it basically acted like a poison. some bacteria adaptlittle oxygen at 3.7byabacteria produce it as a byproduct of sunlight based metabolism aroudn 2.7 bya
- prokaryotes
- singe celled organisms: bacteria mostly
10 times as much biomass as eukaryotes - protists
- - the first single celled organismsall sorts of shapes and sizes, some animal like, some plant like, some mobile, some stationary
- reproductive assymetry
- women are what prevent males from reaching their sexual potential. for the greater chance of carrying on liniage, have more males!
- residual uncertainty
- the fact that males will take care of children even though they have no idea if it is in fact their offspring or not.
- segmentation
- development of segmens during the cambrian explosion
- slipper limpet (crepidula forniaca)
- begins as a male on a rock until another male lands on it, and then it becomes female, and so on.
- stromatolite
- layer of bacteria living over a rock. over time, gets layered on top of, and crystalizes, forming more rock. continues outward. 3.7 BYO
- symmetry
- Moller + Pomlankowski: the most symmetrical bodies are often the most attractive- least stress, better grooming, etc. Also did experaments with extended tails, etc.
- synapsids
- reptile category, all extinct, but mammals are descendents from them
- the early devonian I
- 400mya- trilobites and others go extinct, ferns on land, arthropods evolve, 10-12 ft long marine scorpions
- the ordovican
- 450 mya- moss on land, first fish, lots of armor, coral reefs
- the permian
- 290-248myasynapsids were the first big category because they werre good at thermal regulation, like dimetrodon.
- transposons
- jumping genes, discovered by Hickey and Rose which can jump out of chromosomes and into others; parasitic genes often
- triassic I
- 225myaDiapsids the winner this time, dinosaurs! eventually evolve to take over water, land, and air.
- triassic II
- 225 myaGymnosperms: pines, firs, cycads, redwoods- seeds tolerable of dry conditions
- Trivers- Williard
- thought that there is someway for animals to control the gender- (the president phenomenon for example)chooses based on whats best for the circumstances- its a way to have the most grandchildren good condtion parents will have males, bad
- Trivers-Willard
- thought that there is someway for animals to control the gender- (the president phenomenon for example)chooses based on whats best for the circumstances- its a way to have the most grandchildren
- ways of determining gender
- 1. by those around (slipper limpet) 2. by enviroment (temp or what not, not very advantageous, some fish and reptiles and such)3. the mother chooses (monogonant rotifers- bees, wasps- unfertilized= femail, fertilized= male)
& - ways to find out humans mating system:
- 1. Study modern people and their habits.2.Look at human history3. Look at current simple societies to try to conjecture about the past.4. Look at our closest relatives, the apes. (though we can't perform like they can)5.
- when choosing is cheap vs expensive
- ornaments dominate when choosing is cheap, good genes dominate when choosing is expensive
- xy chromosomes
- start off x from mom. dad either contributes x or y.
