Cohen Med Term 2
Terms
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- pathogen
- any disease causing organism
- trauma
- injury
- lesion
- wound
- necrosis
- death of tissue
- prolapse
- dropping
- hernia
- rupture
- etiology
- cause of a disease
- sepsis
- presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
- cocci
- round bacteria
- staphylococci
- round bacteria in clusters
- streptococci
- round bacteria in chains
- bacilli
- rod-shaped bacteria
- vibrios
- short curved rods
- spirochetes
- corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion
- chlamydia
- extremely small bacteria that grow in living cells, but are suceptible to antibiotics, unlike viruses
- helminths
- worms
- pyr/o, pyret
- head
- dolar
- pain
- rubor, erythema
- redness
- edema
- swelling or accumulation of fluid
- py/o
- pus
- sarcoma
- tumor of the flesh; a neoplasm that involves connective tissue or muscle
- benign
- non-spreading tumors
- cyst/o
- normal bladder or sac like gallbladder
- inflammation
- heat, pain, redness, swelling
- alg/o, algi/o, algsi/o
- pain
- carcin/o
- cancer
- lith
- stone
- onc/o, -oma
- tumor
- path/o
- disease
- scler/o
- hard
- brady-
- slow
- dys-
- abnormal, painful, difficult
- mal-
- bad, poor
- pachy-
- thick
- tachy-
- rapid
- xero-
- dry
- -algia, -algesia
- pain
- -cele
- hernia, localized dilation
- -clasis, -clasia
- breaking
- -odynia
- pain
- -rhexis
- rupture
- -schsis
- fissure, splitting
- ectasia, ectasis
- dilation, dilatation, distension
- malacia
- softening
- ptosis
- dropping, downward displacement
- spasm
- contraction
- stasis
- suppression, stoppage
- stenosis
- narrowing, constriction
- edemic
- occuring at a low level, but continuously in a given region ex. cold
- iatrogenic
- caused by the effects of treatment
- idiopathic
- having no known cause
- in situ
- localized
- nosocomical
- infection acquired in a hospital
- septicemia
- presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood; blood poisoning
- systemic
- pertaining to the whole body
- abscess
- a localized collection of pus
- adhesion
- a uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated
- anaplasia
- lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells
- ascites
- accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
- cellulitis
- a spreading inflammation of tissue
- effusion
- escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part
- exudate
- material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury
- fissure
- a groove or split
- fistula
- an abnormal passage between two organs or from an organ to the surface of the body
- hyperplasia
- excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement
- hypertrophy
- an increase in size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles
- induration
- hardening; an abnormally hard spot or place
- metaplasia
- conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue
- polyp
- a tumor attached by a thin stalk
- purulent
- forming or containing pus
- suppuration
- pus formation
- cineradiography
- making of a motion picture of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen
- computed tomography
- CT scan, use of a computer to generate an image from a large number of x-rays passed at different angles through the body; a three dimensional picture of a cross-section of the body is obtained; reveals more about soft tissues than does simple radiography
- fluoroscopy
- use of x-rays to examine deep structures; the shadows cast by x-rays passed through the body are observed on a fluorescent screen; the device used is called a fluoroscope
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves; the characteristics of soft tissue are revealed by differences in molecular properties; eliminates the need for x-rays and contrast media
- positron emission tomography (PET)
- production of sectional body images by administration of a natural substance, such as glucose, labeled with a positron-emitting isotope; the rays subsequently emitted are interpreted by computer to show the internal distribution of the substance administered; PET has been used to follow blood flow through an organ and to measure metabolic activity within an organ, such as the brain, under different conditions
- scintigraphy
- production of an image of the radioactivity distribution in tissues after internal administration of a radioactive substance (radionuclide); the images are obtained with a scintillation camera; the record produced is a scintiscan and usually specifies the part examined or the isotope used for the test, as in bone scan, gallium scan
- bougie
- slender, flexible instrument for exploring and dilating tubes
- cannula
- tube enclosing a trocar that allows escapeof fluid or air after removal of the trocar
- curet (curette)
- spoon-shaped instrument for removing material from the wall of a cavity or other surface
- elevator
- instrument for lifting tissue or bone
- hemostat
- small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
- rasp
- surgical file
- rongeur
- gouge forceps
- sound
- instrument for exploring a cavity or canal
- trocar
- sharp pointed instrument contained in a cannula used to puncture a cavity
- anesthesia
- loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug
- auscultation
- listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
- biopsy
- removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
- cautery
- destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization
- opthalmoscope
- an instrument for examining the interior of the eye
- otoscope
- instrument used to examine the ears
- palliative
- providing relief but not a cure; a treatment that provides such relief
- palpation
- examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency
- percussion
- tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained
- sphygmomanometer
- the blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic
- aer/o
- air, gas
- bar/o
- pressure
- chrom/o
- color, stain
- chron/o
- time
- cry/o
- cold
- electro/o
- electricity
- erg/o
- work
- phon/o
- sound, voice
- phot/o
- light
- radi/o
- radiation, x-ray
- son/o, ech/o
- sound
- therm/o
- heat, temperature
- -graph
- instrument for recording data
- -graphy
- act of recording data
- -gram
- a record of data
- -meter
- instrument for measuring
- -metry
- measurement of
- -scope
- instrument for viewing or examining
- -scopy
- examination of
- -centesis
- puncture, tap
- -desis
- binding, fusion
- -ectomy
- excision, surgical removal
- -pexy
- surgical fixation
- -plasty
- plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
- -rhapy
- surgical repair, suture
- -stomy
- surgical creation of an opening (think os=opening, mouth)
- -tome
- instrument for incising
- -tomy
- incision
- -tripsy
- crushing
- diaphoresis
- profuse sweating
- malaise
- a feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection
- prodrome
- a symptom indicating an approaching disease
- sequela
- a lasting effect of a disease
- syncope
- a temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain; fainting
- febrile
- fever
- speculum
- an instrument for examining a canal
- syndrome
- a group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
- catheter
- a thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity
- clysis
- the introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
- irrigation
- flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
- lavage
- the washing out of a cavity; irrigation
- paracentesis
- puncture of a cavity for removal or fluid
- prophylaxis
- prevention of disease
- ligature
- a tie or bandage; the process of binding or tying (also called ligation)
- resection
- partial excision of a structure
- antagonist
- a substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
- contraindication
- a factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
- efficacy
- the power to produce a specific result; effectiveness
- phytomedicine
- another name for herbal medicine
- potentation
- increased potency created by two drugs acting together
- synergy
- combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone
- -lytic
- dissolving, reducing, loosening
- -mimetic
- mimicking, simulating
- -tropic
- acting on
- -tropin
- substance that acts on
- anti-
- against
- alg/o, algesi/o, algi/o
- pain
- hypn/o
- sleep
- narc/o
- stupor
- pyr/o
- fever
- vas/o
- vessel
- adrenergics
- mimic the action of the sympatheitc nervous system, which responds to stress; used to treat bronchospasms, allergic reactions, hypotension
- sympathomimetics
- adrenergics
- analgesics
- alleviate pain
- narcotic
- decrease pain sensation in central nervous system; chronic use may lead to physical dependence
- nonnarcotic
- act peripherally to inhibit prostaglandins (local hormones); they may also be antiinflammatory and antipyretic
- anesthetics
- reduce or eliminate sensation
- anticoagulants
- prevent coagulation and formation of blood clots
- anticonvulsants
- suppress or reduce the number and/or intensity of seizures
- antidiabetics
- prevent or alleviate diabetes
- antiemetics
- relieve symptoms of nausea and prevent emesis (vomiting)
- emesis
- vomiting
- antihistamines
- prevent responses mediated by histamine: allergic and inflammmatory reactions
- antiinflammatory drugs
- counteract inflammation and swelling
- corticosteroids
- hormones from the cortex of the adrenal gland; used for allergy, respiratory, and blood diseases, injury, and malignancy; suppress the immune system
- nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
- reduce inflammation and pain by interfering with synthesis of prostaglandins; also antipyretic
- antiinfective agents
- kill or prevent the growth of infectious organisms
- antibacterials
- effective against bacteria
- antifungals
- effective against fungi
- antiarasitics
- effective against parasites: protozoa, worms
- antivirals
- effective against viruses
- antineoplastics
- destroy cancer cells; they are toxic for all cells but have greater effect on cellls that are actively growing and dividing; hormones and hormone inhibitors also are used to slow tumor growth
- cardiac drugs
- act on the heart
- antiarrythmics
- correct or prevent abnormalities of heart rhythm
- beta-adrenergic blockers
- inhibit sympathetic nervous system; reduce rate and force of heart contractions
- calcium-channel blockers
- dilate coronary arteries, slow heart rate, reduce contractions
- hypolipidemics
- lower cholesterol in patients with high serum levels that cannot be controlled with diet alone; hypocholesterolemics, statins
- nitrates, antianginal agents
- dilate coronary arteries and reduce workload of heart by lowering blood pressure and reducing venous return
- CNS stimulants
- stimulate the central nervous system
- diuretics
- promote excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes by the kidneys; used to reduce edema and blood pressure
- gastrointestinal drugs
- act on the digestive tract
- antidiarrheals
- itreat or prevent diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining
- histamine H2 antagonists
- decrease secretion of stomach acid by interfering with teh action of histamine at H2 receptors; used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems
- laxatives
-
promote elimination from the large intestine; types include:
stimulants
hyperosmotics
stool softeners - hypnotics
- induce sleep or dull the senses; see antianxiety agents
- muscle relaxants
- depress nervous system stimulation of skeletal muscles; used to control muscle spasms and pain
- proton-pump inhibitors
- inhibit secretion of stomach acid by blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach
- psychotropics
- affect the mind, altering mental activity, mental state, or behavior
- antianxiety agents
- reduce or dispel anxiety; tranquilizers; anxiolytic agents
- antidepressants
- relieve depression by raising brain levels of neurotransmitters (chemicals active in the nervous system)
- antipsychotics
- act on nervous system to relieve symptoms of psychoses
- respiratory drugs
- act on the respiratory system
- antitussives
- suppress coughing
- asthma maintenance drugs
- used for prevention of asthma
- bronchodilators
- prevent or eliminate spasm of oth bronchi by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle; used to treat asthma attacks and bronchitis
- expectorants
- induce productive coughing to eliminate respiratory secretions
- mucolytics
- loosen mucus to promote its elimination
- sedatives/hypnotics
- induce relaxation and sleep; lower (sedative) doses promote relaxation leading to sleep; higher (hypnotic) doses induce sleep; antianxiety agents also used
- tranquilizers
- reduce mental tension and anxiety
- absorption
- drug taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane
- inhalation
- administration through the respiratory system, as by breathing in an aerosol or nebulizer spray
- instillation
- liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the conjunctiva of the eye
- sublingual (SL)
- administered under the tongue
- topical
- applied to the surface of the skin
- epidural
- injected into the space between the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine
- intradermal (id)
- injected into the skin
- intramuscular (im)
- injected into a muscle
- intravenous
- injected into a vein
- spinal (intrathecal)
- injected through the meninges into the spinal fluid
- subcutaneous (sc)
- injected beneath the skin; hypodermic