- - business organizations in which large numbers of people purchase shares of stocks or certificates of partial ownership
- corporations
- a belief of many artists and writers of that time that made emotions and feelings more important than intellect and reason
- Romanticism
- a belief the opposite of romanticism that stressed intellect instead of feelings
- Realism
- a change from food gathering to food producing
- Agricultural Revolution
- a community where people lived and worked together in perfect harmony
- Utopian socialism
- a general walkout of all workers in the union to receive better pay, hours, or another goal
- strike
- a group of artisans who often went on strike against factories, attempting to put them out of business because they were mad that machines had put them out of business
- trade unions
- a machine invented by Edmund Cartwright that could weave thread quicker than doing it by hand
- power loom
- a machine that planted seeds in rows at the proper depth invented by Jethro Tull
- seed drill
- a machine that separated the seeds from cotton more quickly and efficiently than doing it by hand
- cotton gin
- a machine that was first used to pump water out of the mines
- steam engine
- a machine which burned gasoline
- Internal combustion engine
- a man who believed in following your own true self interest. He was a philosopher of the Enlightenment and influenced the Liberals in the Industrial Revolution in Britain
- Adam Smith
- a man who felt that the government should be a democracy and should promote education, but it should stay out of people’s lives as much as possible
- John Stuart Mill
- a man who improved the steam-powered water pump
- Thomas Newcomen
- a man who improved upon Newcomen’s invention of the steam- powered water pump using far less fuel. It also used rotary power.
- James Watt
- a method of alternating different kinds of crops to preserve soil fertility
- crop rotation
- a new working class that capitalists took advantage of to make their profits
- Proletariat
- a phase of technological development that began in Britain in the 1750’s
- Industrial Revolution
- a popular author who wrote the book Hard Times, explaining the conditions of living in the Industrial Revolution
- Charles Dickens
- a preacher who invented the first power loom
- Edmund Cartwright
- a Russian psychologist who discovered that behavior could be controlled by outside factors. He conducted a famous experiment about the conditioned reflex in dogs
- Ivan Pavlov
- a steam powered engine that pulled a train of connected cars on iron rails
- locomotive
- a style that some artists believed in that used the illusion of sunlight in their paintings to capture what the camera could not
- Impressionism
- a utopian socialist who established several model communities that followed utopian socialism
- Robert Owen
- a weaver who invented the spinning jenny
- James Hargreaves
- an American inventor and Entrepreneur who invented the steamship
- Robert Fulton
- an economic system established through a dictatorship that abolishes private property and takes over the means of production
- Communism
- an electric generator
- dynamo
- awarded the Nobel Prize for physics and then eventually chemistry for her work
- Marie Curie
- bridge builders who were considered to be some of the first civil engineers
- Thomas Telford and Gustave Eiffel
- combinations of similar businesses grouped together under the direction of a single entity
- Trusts
- inventor of the telephone
- Alexander Graham Bell
- inventor the incandescent light bulb
- Thomas Edison
- land was divided into strips and worked by the villagers
- open-field farming
- large water-powered spinning machine invented by Richard Arkwright
- water frame
- man who used the Dutch technique of crop rotation and spread it in Britain
- Lord Townshend
- muscle-powered wooden machine that could spin eight cotton threads at a time, invented by James Hargreaves
- spinning jenny
- people who buy companies as investments
- financiers
- people who risked their wealth by investing in new technology or business ventures
- Entrepreneurs
- promoted the science of eugenics
- Sir Francis Galton
- she was considered to be the perfect role model of the new roles of middle-class women
- Queen Victoria
- system of cloth production in which people worked on the cleaning, spinning, and weaving of wool in their homes
- domestic system
- the American inventor that invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts
- Eli Whitney
- the approximate date that marks the start of the Industrial Revolution
- 1750
- the belief in the importance of individual liberty in all areas focusing on freedom of conscience, freedom, thought, and speech as well as pursuing your own economic interests.
- liberalism
- the belief that individual interests must give way to the interests of society as a whole
- socialism
- the belief that laws should be used only if they bring happiness to a large number of the people and if it does not, the law should be abandoned.
- Utilitarianism
- the belief that one day the proletariats would overthrow the capitalists and take over
- Dictatorship of the proletariat
- the belief that those that were better adapted to their environment survived long enough to reproduce and pass those adaptations to their offspring
- Natural selection
- the capital and the equipment needed to produce and exchange goods and use them for the common good of all the people
- means of production
- the dominance of a particular market
- monopoly
- the growth of cities
- Urbinization
- the man that discovered that all matter is composed of miniature particles called atoms
- John Dalton
- the man who developed the internal combustion engine
- Nikolaus August Otto
- the man who discovered bacteria and created a heat treatment method that destroyed bacteria in certain foods and drinks
- Louis Pasteur
- the man who discovered the laws of heredity
- Gregor Mendel
- the man who formed the United States Steel Corporation
- J.P. Morgan
- the man who improved the telegraph and created the Morse Code
- Samuel Morse
- the man who introduced the seed drill and found out that crops grow better without weeds, and he developed the horse-drawn hoe
- Jethro Tull
- the man who invented the locomotive
- George Stephenson
- the man who invented the water frame and started the first factory. He is often known as the “father of the factory system”
- Richard Arkwright
- the man who sent the first radio transmissions across the Atlantic
- Guglielmo Marconi
- the men who formulated the ideas governing magnetism and electricity
- Michael Faraday and James Maxwell
- the men who improved roads
- John MacAdam and Thomas Telford
- the men who put an engine on a horse carriage to create the first automobile
- Gottlieb Daimler and Carl Benz
- the science of the use of selective breeding to improve the human race
- eugenics
- the theory that portrayed individuals and nations as part of the same struggle for survival as the species
- Social Darwinism
- the use of private money or goods to produce a profit
- capitalism
- two of the most influential socialists that developed scientific socialism
- Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
- used a gasoline-powered engine to fly the first airplane
- Wilber and Orville Wright
