- ads and disads of cellular respiration
- -more efficient
-requires oxygen - ads and disads of fermentation
- -provides NAD+ for glycolysis
-produces ATP only 20 or 30 seconds, lactic acid causes painfull side effects - advantages and disadvantages of glycolysis
- -can produce thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds
-provide only 2 ATP at a time - aerobic
- when fermentation does require oxygen
- anabolic reactions
- chemical reactions in which large molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules
endergonic - anerobic
- when fermentation doesn't require oxygen
- another name for the krebs cycle
- the citric acid cycle
- ATP molecule production
- 2=glycosis
2=Krebs cycle
32=Electron transport chain - autotrophs
- organisms that obtain energy from light or inorganic compounds
- Calorie
- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram water 1 degree celcius
- calvin cycle
- the light independent reactions
- carotenoids
- red and yellow pigments in plants
absorb a small amount of light energy that is passed onto the chlorophyll - carrier molecule
- a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule
- catabolic reactions
- chemical reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules and energy is released
exergonic - Cellular Respiration
- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules
- chloroplast structure
- thylakoids, granum, stroma
- coenzymes
- assist an enzyme, sometimes these are vitamins
- During glycosis, one molecule of
- glucose is broken in half
- electron transport chain
- uses the high engery electrons from the Kreb's cycle to convert ADP into ATP
- equation for photosynthesis
- 6CO2+6H2O-->C6H1206+6O2
carbon dioxide and water=sugars and oxygen - fermentation
- releases energy from food by producing ATP in the absense of oxygen
- food chain
- a seris of steps in which organisms trasfer energy by eating and being eaten
- glycosis
- the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a three carbon compound
- Glycosis produes a net gain of
- 2 atps
- granum
- stack of thylakoids
- how are photosystem I and II different?
- II aborobs light and I trasfers electron enrgy.
- how does ATP synthesis produce ATP?
- it rotates as H+ ions pass through it and binds ADP and a phosphate group together creating ATP.
- How does fermentation allow the production of ATp to continue?
- NADH convert to NAD+, which allows glycosis to continue to produce ATP.
- how does light effect a chlorophyll molecule
- excites the electrons
- How is pyrucvic acid used in the Krebs Cycle?
- it is broken down into carbon dioxide in a seris of energy-extracting reacitons.
- how much energy is available from level to level in a food chain?
- 10%
- Ingenhouz
- plants need sunlight to produce oxygen
he observed plants exposed to light - Krebs Cycle
- pyruvic acid is broken into carbon dioxide ina series of energy extracting reactions
- light energy is
- absorbed by a pigment
reflected by a pigment
trasmitted through a pigment - Light independent reactions take place in the
- stroma
- main pigment in plants
- chlorophyll
- metabolism
- chemical reactions through which an organism builds or breaks down materials
complete set of chemical reations in cells that are the basis of life in cells - NAD+
- electron carrier called nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide
- Priestly
- using a candle and a jar, he observed that plants produce a substance that keep the candle burning
- products of alchol fermentation
- alcohol, CO2, and NAD+
- reactants and products of fermentation
- pyruvic acid=NAD+, alcohol, CO2 and lactic acid
- reactants and products of glycosis
- glucose, ATP=2 molecules of ATP
- Reactants/products in cellular respiration
- oxygen+glucose=carbon dioxide+water+energy
- stroma
- region outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts
- sun
- main source of energy for life on earth
- three examples of producers
- plants, algae, bacteria
- thylakoid
- the light dependent reactions take place for
- van Helmont
- plants gain most of their mass by taking in water
he measured the mass of soil in which a plant grew - What affects the rate at which photosynthesis occurs?
- amount of water
temperature
intensity of light
availibility of carbon dioxide - what are two ways in which cells use energy provided by ATP?
- to carry out active transport and important cell division
- what do autotrophs do with their energy?
- fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds to complex inorganic compounds
- What does the Calvin cycle use to produce high energy sugars?
- it uses ATP and NADHP from light dependent to produce high energy sugars.
- what is produced in light denpendent reactions?
- ATP, NADHP, and oxygen
- what is produced in the the light independent reactions?
- high energy sugars
- what organelle is cellular respiration found in?
- mitochondria
- Why is fermentation considered an anerobic process?
- it does not require oxygen
