- How many types of atoms make up an element?By how many letters (symbols) is each element designated in the periodic table?
- One type of atom makes up each element.Each element has a 1 or 2 letter symbol.
- How may pairs of electrons are shared in a single covalent bond?Double covalent bond?Triple covalent bond?
- One Two - ethylene (plant stress hormone)
Three - Nitrogen gas
- In pure water,what is the level of H+ compared to OH?Is the solution neutral?
- They are equal.Yes, the solution is neutral.
- Please describe he structure of a prokaryotic cell.What kingdoms contain organisms that have cells of this type?
- *Small (1-10 micrometers) *Simple *No nucleus *DNA is present in the nucleoid *Plasma membrane surrounds cytoplasm *Ribosomes *Bioch
- What are fats and oils composed of?What is their main function?
- Made of triglycerides (glycerol and three fatty acids)Energy storage
- What are phospholipids composed of?What is their main function?Why do phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers in water?
- Fatty acids bonded to a glycerol, but one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate-containing compound.Phospholipid bilayers The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic.
- What are the three parts of a nucleotide?What is the sugar in DNA versus RNA?Which is double stranded? Which is single stranded?
- Sugar, phosphate group, and a baseDeoxyribo (DNA) - double stranded Ribo (RNA) - single stranded
- What are the two types of nucleic acids?What are their building blocks?
- DNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine)RNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil)Nucleotides (phosphate group, sugar, and a base)
- What is a chemical bond?What four types of bonds were discussed in class?
- Chemical force that links atoms together to form molecules.ionic bondcovalent bondpolar covalent bondHydrogen bond
- What is a condensation reaction?Hydrolysis reaction?Which releases energy and which costs energy?
- Removes a water molecule to build (requires energy)Uses a hydrogen to break a bond (releases energy)
- What is a covalent bond?Provide an example.
- A bond between atoms sharing a pair of electrons to fill their outer shell.two hydrogens - Hydrogen gasCarbon bonded to 4 hydrogen to form methane gas
- What is a functional group?What are the five functional groups that were presented in class?
- Consist of a set of atoms that are part of a larger molecule & have defined set of properties. carboxyl grouphydroxyl groupamino groupphosphate groupsulfydryl group
- What is a hydrogen bond?Provide an example.Is this a strong or weak bond?
- Occur between polar covalently bonded atoms.WaterVery weak
- What is a ionic bond?Provide an example.
- Forms between ions, which occur when atoms gain or lose an electron.Sodium chloride (NaCl) - table salt*opposite charges attract
- What is a polar covalent bond?Provide an example.
- Shared electrons prefer one atom ore than the other.
- What is the function of carbohydrates in cells?What is their basic formula?What is an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide?
- Energy source, structural component of the cellCH20glucose, Lactose, Cellulose or glycogen
- What is the function of DNA?RNA?
- DNA stores informationRNA is copied from DNA to serve as a template to make proteins
- What kingdoms are prokaryotes?What kingdoms are eukaryotes?
- ProkaryotesBacteria, ArchaeaEukaryotesAnimals, Plants, Fungi, Protista
- What occurs to the pH of pure water if HCl is added?What if NaOH is added?
- Makes the solution acidicMakes the solution basic
- What particls make up atoms?What are their charges and where do they reside?
- Protons: +1 charge, nucleusNeutrons: 0 charge, nucleusElectrons: -1 charge, float around the nucleus
- What properties are shared by all lipids?What are the functions of lipids is cells?
- Water insoluable, non-polar, chemically diverse, hydrophobic, lipids associate with one anotherStructural component of cells (membranes)Energy storage (fats & oils)communication among cells
- What properties dif the first cells have?
- The could store and replicate genetic information & a membrane surrounded its molecule.
- When referring to electrons, what is an orbital?At most how many electrons can occupy and orbital?
- The area around the nucleus where an electron can be found with 90% certainty at any given time.2 electrons at most can occupy an orbital.
- How long have cells been on this planet?
- 3.8 billion years
- How many different amino acids exist in a cell?
- 20 different types
- How might life have originated on earth?
- Spontaneously
- What are four types of macromolecules in cells?
- ProteinsCarbohydratesNucleic AcidLipids
- What are possible roles for steroids in cells?
- Signaling moleculespart of cell membranes
- What are the four levels of organization of a protein structure?
- primarysecondaryteritiaryquaternary
- What are the overall characteristics of eukayotic cells?
- *Larger & more complex*plasma membrane, cytoplasm & ribsomes*Also many membrane bound compartments, cytoskeleton, nucleus, and many other organelles
- What are the six kingdoms in which organisms are divided?
- Bacteria Archaea AnimalsPlantsFungi
Protista - What impact did photosynthesis have on life on land?
- The oxygen levels rose in the atmosphere causing many organisms to disappear.The ozone layer was formed.The ozone layer protected the planet by absorbing some of the UV radiation, making it possible for life to more to land.
- What is a chemical reaction?
- Making & breaking of chemical bonds.
- What is the advantage of multicellularity?
- Division of labor is possible and cells take on unique functions.
- What is the age of the Earth?
- 4.5 Billion Years
- What is the function of nucleic acids?
- storage & release of informaton
- What is the function of proteins in cells?
- Movement, enzymes, structural component of cell, defense against disease, communication
- What is the size range for cells?
- 1 - 100 micrometers
- What makes an atom stable?
- Filling the outermost shell with as many electrons as it can hold.
- What pH values indicate acidity versus basicness?
- pH 1 up to 7 = acidicabove 7 to 14 = basic
- Why is there a size limitation to cells?
- As the volume increases their surface area doesn't increase at an equal rate.They need to exchange materials with the environment.
