- 80 - 90 % of a plant is made up of
- water
- in bryophytes which stage is larger and longer living, sporophytes or gametophytes.
- Gametophytes
- a loam consist of ?
- equal amounts of sand silt and clay
- a simple fruit is one that deveolps from
- a single carpel
- agriculture does what to soil?
- depletes its mineral content
- an aggregate fruit is one that develops from
- multiple carpels
- angiosperms have what reproductive feature
- flower
- apical meristems enable what type of growth
- primary growth(roots and shoots extend in length)
- are flowers determinate or indeterminate
- determinate
- Are the cells of the gametophyte haploid or diploid?
- haploid (single set of chromosomes.
- Bryophytes consist of which three phyla?
- 1. Hepatophyta2. Anthecerophyta3. Bryophyta
- charophycean algae use what sort of arrays for cellulose synthesis?
- rose shaped complexes
- club mosses are a part of which clade?
- lycophytes.
- cuticle
- covering consisting of polyesters and waxes that prevents dehydration.
- define indeterminate growth
- the plant never stops growing
- define micro nutrients
- nutrients needed in very small amounts, act as cofactors
- describe a fibrous root system
- no taproot, many small roots grow from the stem each with its own lateral roots.
- describe cation exchange
- H= displace other cations from the soil allowing them to be absorbed by the plant
- describe collenchyma cells
- help support young parts of the plant shoot, remain living and flexible.
- describe crop rotation
- a legume is planted after a non legume to replace nitrogen by nitrogen fixation
- describe parenchyma cells
- large central vacuole, perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, can devide and differenciate under special conditions.
- describe sclerenchyma cells
- supporting elements, thick secondary walls, mature cells cant elongate.
- distinct soil layers are known as
- horizons
- essential elements that are required in large amounts are
- macro nutrients
- eudicots and gymnospores have which type of root system?
- taproot system
- eudicots have what sort of leaf veins?
- multibranched
- ferns are a part of which clade?
- pterophytes.
- flowers with only functional carpels are called
- carpellate
- flowers with only functional stamen are called
- staminate
- ground tissue that is external to vascular tissue is called
- cortex
- ground tissue that is internal to vascular tissue is called?
- pith
- how do legumes form symbiosis with only certain species of rhizobium bacteria
- by the structure of the flavanoids it emits
- how is the gametophyte formed?
- By mytosis of a haploid gamete.
- How long do annuals live
- a year of less
- how long do biennials live
- roughly two years
- how long do perrenials live
- till something kills them
- how many essential elements are there?
- 17
- if the ovary is above the stamens it is
- superior
- if the ovary is below the stamens it is
- inferior
- in angiosperms, which generation is dominant
- sporophyte
- in roots the stele is typically a ?
- vascular cylinder
- irrigation in arid regions can cause what problem
- makes soil salty
- Is the sporophyte haploid or diploid?
- diploid(two sets of chromosomes)
- Land plants evolved from?
- green algae
- lateral meristems enable what type of growth
- secondary growth(growth in thickness)
- lateral roots arise from the?
- pericycle
- leaves undergo what type of growth
- determinate growth(they stop growing)
- monicots have what sort of leaf veins?
- parallel
- most fertile soils are usually?
- loams
- nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by
- nitrogenase
- non charophycean algae use what sort of arrays for cellulose synthesis?
- linear arrays of proteins
- Non vascular plants are calle?
- Bryophytes.
- plants can only absorb nitrogen as
- ammonium or nitrate
- plants with both carpellate and staminate flowers on the different plants are
- dioecious
- plants with both carpellate and staminate flowers on the same plant are
- monoecious
- roots arising from the stem are called?
- adventitous
- seed plants can be divided into what two groups?
- 1. Gymnosperms2. Angiosperms
- seedless vascular plants and monocots have which type of root system.
- Fibrous root system
- seedless vascular plants consist of which two clade?
- lycophytes and pterophytes.
- soil is a source of?
- mineral nutrients
- the bulk of a plants organic material comes from
- CO2 absorbed from air
- the closest living relatives to land plants?
- charophyceans
- the dermal tissue in non woody plants is called the
- epidermis
- the in woody plants old regios of the epidermis are replaced by?
- periderm
- the process of using plants to clean up waste in unusable soil is known as?
- phytoremediation
- The stem system consists of ?
- An alternating system of nodes and internodes.
- the two vascular tissues are?
- 1. Xylem2. Phloem
- the vascular tissue of a root or stem is called the ?
- stele
- Tissues that arent part of the dermal or vascular systems are part of?
- the ground tissue system.
- topsoil is a mix of?
- rock fragments, living organisms, humus
- what are apical meristems?
- regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots. The cells specialize later on like stem cells.
- what are derivatives
- cells that are displaced from the meristem and become specialized.
- what are initials
- cells that stay in the meristem as sources of new cells
- what are internodes?
- stem segments between nodes.
- what are lateral roots
- branch roots that come from the taproot
- what are mycorrhizae
- a mixture of roots and fungus that is benefitial
- what are nodes?
- the points at which leaves are attached.
- what are nodules?
- swellings on the plant where it is infected with nitrogen converting bacteria.
- what are placental transfer cells
- cells that help transfer nutrients to the plant embryo while it is in the archegonia.
- What are protonema?
- a mass of one cell thick filaments produced by a germinating moss spore.
- what are rhizoids?
- long tubular single cells that anchor bryophyte gametophytes.
- what are secondary compounds?
- products of secondary metabolic pathways that aid in a plants survival. e.g. alkaloids and tanins
- what are sporocytes
- spore mother cells.
- what are the five key traits that separate land plants from charophycaens?
- 1.apical meristems2. alternation of generations3. walled spores produced in sporangia4. multicellular gametangia5. multicellular dependent embryos
- what are the four floral organs
- 1. sepals2. petals3. stamens4. carpels
- What are the four key traits between land plants and charophyceans?
- 1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis2. Peroxisome enzymes3. Structure of flagellated sperm4. Formation of a phragmoplast
- what are the names of the female gametangia?
- archegonia
- what are the names of the male gametangia?
- antheridia
- what are the nine macro nutrients?
- carbo, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, dulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium
- what are the spore producing organs within the sporophyte?
- sporangia
- What are the three basic plant organs?
- Roots, stems and leaves
- what are the three parts of the carpel
- 1. ovary2. style2. stigma
- what are the three zones of cells behind the root tip
- 1. zone of cell division2. elongation3. maturation
- what are the two multicellular body forms that make up the alternation of generations in plants?
- 1. Gametophyte2. Sporophyte
