- Active Transport
- Net movement of dissolved substances across a cell membrane. Energy requiring from low to high concentration.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Compound containing Adenosine and 3 molecules of phosphate - major supplies produced in Mitochondria as Energy for cell.
- Antigens
- Compounds, usually proteins, that can trigger the immune system to respond in various ways.
- Apoptosis
- The natural death of cells. (programmed cell death)
- Cancer
- Abnormal and uncontrolled cell multiplication.
- Cellular Respiration
- Process of transferring energy present in organic compounds to a form usable by cells. (ATP)
- Chloroplasts
- Chlorophyll-containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant cells.
- Chromosomes
- Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protei, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis.
- Cytoskeleton
- Network of filaments within a cell.
- Cytosol
- Fluid contents of a cell.
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Nucleic acid containing the four bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Codes genetic information of an individual.
- Desmosomes
- Type of cell-to-cell junction in which protein filaments span the intercellular space and hold the cells together.
- Diffusion
- Net movement of a substance from high to low concentration. Doesn't require energy.
- Endocytosis
- Bulk movement of solids or liquids into a cell by engulfment.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Organelle consisting of a system membran-bound channels that transport substances within a cell.
- Eukaryote
- Cell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Exocytosis
- Movement of material out of cells via vesicles in the cytoplasm.
- Golgi Apparatus
- Also known as Golgi Complex or Body; organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell.
- Golgi Complex
- Organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell. (Golgi Apparatus or body)
- Grana
- (Singular= Granum) stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts.
- Hydrophilic
- Refers to a compound that dissolves easily in water, also termed polar.
- Lamella
- System of membranous sacs in chloroplasts; also called thylakoids.
- Lipophilic
- Refers to a substance that dissolves in or mixes uniformly with lipids.
- Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
- Mitochondria
- (Singular= Mitochondrion) in eukaryotic cells, organelles thats are the major site of ATP production.
- Nuclear Envelope
- Membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
- Nucleus
- In eukaryotic cells, a membrane-bound organelle containing the genetic material DNA.
- Organelles
- Structures, for example mitochondria, present in a cell and which carry out a specific function.
- Osmosis
- Net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane and down a concentration gradient.
- Partially Permeable
- Describes a boundary that allows only some materials to pass through it; sometimes termed semi-permeable.
- Phagocytosis
- Bulk movement of solid material into cells.
- Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants use the radiant
energy of sunlight trapped by chlorophyll to build carbohydrates (Energy) from Carbon Dioxide and Water.
& - Pinocytosis
- Bulk movement of liquid into cells.
- Plasma Membrane
- Partially Permeable boundary of a cell separating it from its physical surrounding; boundary controlling entry to and exit of substances from a cell.
- Plasmodesmata
- Openings between plant cell walls through which adjacent cells are connected through cytoplasmic threads.
- Primary Cell Wall
- The first layer of cellulose and other polysaccharides forming the cell wall outside a newly formed plant cell.
- Prokaryote
- Any cell or organism without a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Protein Filaments
- Part of the cytoskeleton or internal framework of a cell that supply strength an support for the cell; made of different proteins and are very tough.
- Proteins
- Macromolecules built of amino acid sub-units and linked by peptide bonds to form a chain, sometimes termed a polypeptide; usual product of gene translation; some consist of a single polypeptide, others have two or more.
- Ribosomes
- Organelles containing RNA that are major sites of protein production in cells in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
- Secondary Cell Walls
- Walls of lignin and cellulose deposited on the primary cell wall of some plant cells after cell growth has ceased.
- Stroma
- In Chloroplasts, the semi-fluid substance between the grana and which contains enzymes fro some of the reactions of photosynthesis.
- Thylakoids
- Flattened membranous sacs in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.
