BISCI exam #1

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takes up space and has mass: matter
what are the 3 forms of matter?: solid, liquid, gas
substance that can't be broken down to different properties: element
everything is composed of_____: elements
what do properties include?: density , solubility , (physical or chemical)
how many natural elements are there?: 92
what are the building bloacks of all matter?: elements
what elements make up protein, fats, and nucleic acids?: carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
what elements make up 95% of our bodies?: 1.carbon
2.hydrogen
3.nitrogen
4.oxygen
5.phosphorus + sulphur
what element makes up 60% of our body?: oxygen
the smallest part of an element that displays properties of that element: atom
what is the atomic #?: # of protons
What is the atomic mass?: # of protons + neutrons
Where is the atomic# located on the periodic table?: lower right hand corner of the element box
Where is the atomic mass located on the periodic table?: upper left hand corner of the element box
#of portons = #of _____: electrons
most of mass = ________: empty space
this states that most of the time electrons are where they are supposed to be(except when we look thru microscope-it can trick us): Bohr Model
atomic mass -atomic# = ?: # of neutrons
constant, resistant to movement: mass
changes based on gravity: weight
how is periodic table arranged?: "groups"-verticle columns
"periods"-horizontal rows
What does the "groups" show?: -# of electrons in the outer most shell
which group has a full outer shell?: group 8 (all the way to the right)
what sign do you put when the element gains an electron?: - (negative sign)
have the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons - has same atomic # as original element: isotopes
what is this an example of: 6 C 12, 6 C 13, 6 C 14: isotopes( same atomic #)(protons)
these decay and give off energy: radioactive isotopes
instrument that detects radiation (Becquerel): geiger counter
images of radiation (curie): imaging
what level is the radioactive isotope that has chemical properties like the stable isotopes?: low level (radioactivity)
what can you do with this low level radioactivity?: substitute a small amount for the original element
what is the small substitute amount called?: a "tracer"
When one uses a "tracer" what is it called?: "labeling"
WHat is an example of use of low level radiation?: PETSCAN
what does PETSCAN stand for?: "position emission tomography"
WHat does the PETSCAN use?: labeled glucose
What are the 4 negative points for high level radiation?: -they are carcinogens
-they damage DNA
-they are toxic
-they cause cancer
what are the positive uses of high level radiation?: -used to sterilize medical equipment
-zaps mail to detect anthrax
-radiation therapy for cancer patients
-injection of radiation(into prostate gland for cancer)
what charges attract?: positive and negative charges
what charges repel?: like charges
what do plants convert sunlight to?: chemical energy
what are 3 diatomic elements?: O2, H2, N2
this contains 2 or more atoms: a molecule
this must have 2 different elements?: a compound
what is present between chemical bonds of diff. elements?: energy
WHat are the 3 types of bonds?: ionic, covalent, hydrogen
this bond is held together by an attraction b/t positive an dnegative charged ions: ionic bond
ions are electrically charged: ions are electrically charged
NaCl<--->Na+Cl- is an example of what?: dissociation
this bond shares electrons, they can share either 1,2,or3 electrons: covalent bonds
name 2 types of covalent bonds: polar and non-polar
this covalent bond is an unequal sharing of electrons: polar
this covalent bond is an equal sharing of electrons: non-polar
attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond: electronegativity
The greater the # of protons the ________ the electronegativity: greater
this bond is the weakest of the 3 types, it is what bonds water, it is between polar molecules "neighborhood bonding": hydrogen bond
oxygen has the ________ charge: negative
the fact that oxygen is the negative charge is called: electronegative
hydrogen has the ____ charge: positive
the fact that hydrogen has a positive charge is called what?: electropositive
the greater the hydrogen bonds, the ____ the bond is: stronger
what is the function of the hydrogen bond?: help maintain proper structure and function
this is the universal component: water
water is a ___ molecule: polar
water makes up ______% of our bodies: 70-90%
frozen water is __ dense than liquid water: less
water has a ___ surface tension: high
what does it mean that water is cohesive?: the molecules cling to each other, they are excelent transport mediums(inblood)
what does it mean to say that water is adhesive?: the molecules cling to polar surfaces
what does hydrophylic mean?: "loves water" dissociates easily in mixtures
what does hydrophobic mean?: "hates water", example is oil and water(don't mix)
what does it meean to say that water has a high heat of vaporization?: it takes 540 calories per gram to take hot water and change to gas
water has a high heat capacity: water has a high heat capacity
the heat required to increase 1 gram of h2o by 1 degrees C: calorie
a kilocalorie, ,amt to increase 1kg (1L) of water: CALORIE
water has the ability to absorb more heat: water has the ability to absorb more heat
water doesn't freeze as quickly as others do: water doesn't freeze as quickly as others do
1 gram from 1 degrees C, takes 80 calories to freeze: our body temps change slowly
The Ph Scale runs from ___to___: 0-14
a substance is an acid if it is___to___: 0-6.99
a substance is neutral if it is ___: 7
a substance is a base if it is ___to___: 7.01-14
the higher the concentration of ions, the ____ the # on the scale: lower
this acid is weak and serves as a buffer: carbonic acid
What is arterial blood on the PH Scale?: 7.4
during this the H+ are rising, bicarbonate HCO3(base) (changes strong acid to a weak buffer): acidosis
during this OH + H2 O CO3--> HCO3 + -H2O ( buffers counteract strong acids and bases to maintain phisiological PH: alkalosis
how many electrons does carbon have in teh outer shell?: 4
organics are______: living things
in-organics are _______: non-living things
what are the skeletal backbones?: carbon chains
what attatches to carbon chains?: functional groups
H H H
C-C-C
H H H
what group is the one that is involved in chemical reactions?: the functional group
Write out each of the groups 3 times each on paper(figure 3.2) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
what determines the type of reaction and dictates polarity of the molecule?: functional groups
molecules that have the same structures are called: isomers
these make up our cells(carbs,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids): macro molecules
same type sub-units: monomers
largest macro molecules, made of monomers linked together: polymers
a condensation reaction to synthesis a type of macro molecule: dehydration
this is when water is used to break bonds that hold sub-units together: hydrolysis
these speed up chemical reactions by bringing reactants together: enzymes
sometimes, monomers must be__________________________: activated before they react!
what are the 2 main functions of carbohydrates?: energy and structure
what is a carb basic structure?: CH2O
what are the 3 hexoses (6 carbon rings)??: glucose, fructose, galactose
what is glucose?: C6 H12 O6
what reaction holds these rings together?: dehydration
these are simple sugars (b/t 3-7 carbons): monosaccharides
what is a pentose?: a 5 carbon ring
(ribose, and deoxyrbose)
* name 3 isomers: glucose, fructose, galactose
this is energy produced in the cells(glycolysis): cellular respiration
2 sugars linked togethr: disaccharides
what are the 3 disaccharides?: maltose (glu.+glu)
Sucrose (glu.+fru)
lactose (glu.+gal)
plants main sugar: sucrose
humans main sugar: glucose
a bunch of sugars linked together: polysaccharide
plants store energy in the form of________: starch
humans store energy in the form of ________: glycogen
ideal blood sugar level is b/t ____ an ____: 70-100
what blood sugar level is acceptable?: 110
what blood sugar level is pre-diabetic?: 111
hormone that regulates blood sugar leval?: insulin
what holds the glycogen stored in our bodies?: liver + skeletal muscle
what reaction breaks down the glycogen?: hydrolysis
what is left over glycogen stored as?: fat!
what is the plants structural molecules?: cellulose
can animals break down cellulose?: yes! they have micro-organisms that break it down!
how do humans use cellulose?: as roughage
this is the structural carbohydrate exo-skeleton of crabs and lobsters: chitin
the micro organism that makes up the cel wall in bacteria: peptidoglycon
these are insoluable in water: lipids
these are made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids: triglycerides
how long can a long carbon chain be?: 16-18 carbons long
what are the electrons on the outer shells called?: valance electrons
what are the 2 types of fatty acids?: saturated and un-saturated
which fatty acid is solid at room temp?: saturated
saturated fats have a lot of hydrogen: unsaturated fats have a little or no hydrogen
which fatty acid is oil at room temp?: un-saturated
the build up of sat. fats in arteries: Atherosclerosis
which fats are found in the cell / plasma membrane: phospholipids
this has a hydrophylic head and a hydrophobic tail: phospholipids
this type of fat is made of cholesterol(4 carbon rings linked together): steroids
what are the 2 steroid hormones?: estrogen and testosterone
Which is the bad choloesterol?: LDL
(low density)
which cholesterol is good to have more of?: HDL
(high density)
what are waxes?: long chain fatty acids that binds to a long chain alcohol
waxes are hydrophobic, solid at room temp, and have a high melting point: waxes are hydrophobic, solid at room temp, and have a high melting point
50% of dry weight of cells consist of what?: protein
what are the building blocks of proteins?: amino acids
how many common amino acids are there in the cells?: 20
what are the 6 functions of amino acids?: support
enzymes
transport
hormones
defense
motion
2 forms of protein that support:: keratin
collagen
speed up the rates of reactions:: enzymes
this carries to other parts of body, hemoglobin carries oxygen, channel, carriers int eh membranes: transport
these are regulatory "intercellular messangers": hormones
antibodies are used in: defense
what 2 proteins put teh skeletal muscle into motion?: actin
myosin
2 amino acids joined: peptide
more than 2 amino acids joined: polypeptide
what are the 4 levels of structure?: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
what level of structure is the sequence of amino acids?: primary
what level of structure is shaped like a helix or beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds form): secondary
what level of structure is the final 3d shape of actual protein molecule?: tertiary
what level of structure is bonding between R groups going on?: Tertiary
what are globular proteins?: enzymes
what are protein shape changes called?: denaturation
what level of structure is 2 or more ploypeptides joined together?: quarternary
this helps new protein fold into proper shape: chaperone protein
malfunctioning chaperone =: diseases such as cystic fibrosis and alzheimer's
misfolded proteins causing others to misfold as well (disease is formed): prion
these are polymers of nucleotides: nucleic acids
this stores info regarding it's own replication + the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make protein: DNA
sugar = deoxyribose: sugar = deoxyribose
p (phosphate) \ /n-containing base \S | H: nucleotide
pyrimidines, purines, are what??: nitrogen containing bases
what are the 3 pyrimidines(single rings)?: cytosine
thymine
uracil
what are the 2 purines(double rings)??: adenine
guanine
this is a single strand polymer of nucleotides: RNA
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?: RNA has uracil instead of DNA's thyamine
what are the complimentary base pairs?: A-T G-C
adenine quanine
thyamine cytosine
what is "adenosine diphosphate"?: ATP
adenosine means what5?: that adenine is bonded to ribose
what happens with the diphosphate?: gets rid of the last phosphate and becomes ADP, which becomes more stable and releases energy
the ability to do work or bring about change: energy
5 points under energy?: growth
development(maturation)
locomotion
metabolism
reproduction
what are the 4 type of energy?: kinetic, potential, chemical, mechanical
energy stored in food stuffs: chemical
moving a force through a distance: mechanical energy
energy of motion: kinetic
stored energy: potential
conservation-energy can't be created nor destroyed, only changed from one form to another: 1st law of thermodynamics
what is main source of 1st law?: solar energy
energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of heat: 2nd law of thermodynamics
what must there be in order for energy to be changed from one form to another?: loss of heat
disorganization of particles(collisions) is called what: entropy
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell: metabolism
what energizes reactions that take place in the cell?: ATP
free energy is: available energy
+G = gain in energy -G = release of energy: +G = gain in energy
-G = release of energy
this reaction goes from a higher energy level to a lower one: exergonic
this reaction goes from a lower level of energy to a higher one: endergonic
WHat is very versatile?: ATP
this reaction utilizes ATP, energy from teh ATP goes straightinto another reaction: coupling reaction
this atp energy synthesises macromolecules: chemical
this atp energy pumps molecules across membranes against concentration gradiants: transport work
this atp energy contacts the muscles: mechanical
these speed up the rate of the reactions: enzymes
what is another name for reactants?: substrates
this is the energy required to activate a chemical reaction: energy of activation
this is the portion of the enzyme that will attatch to substrates: acive site
this is when the enzyme undergoes alteration to acheive best fit: induced fit model
most enzymes just complex with their substrates, but what do some also do?: participate in the actual reaction!
what 2 things affect the rate of the reaction?: amount of substrate(reactants)
+
temperature
these are trace elements like (Cu): inorganic
co-enzymes-these particular enzymes are non-protein(they are vitamins): organic
it slows down the reaction when these things are lacking: inorganic trace elements and organic co-enzymes
oxidized is the ____ of electrons and H+: loss
reduced is the ____ of electrons an H+: gain
solar---> glucose + O2: photosynthesis
where does cellular respiration occur?: in the mitochondria
during cellular respiration what and what are turned into ATP?: fat and glucose
in the photosynthesis reaction, which is being reduced and oxidized?: water is being oxidized because it is losing its electrons, and carbon dioxide is being reduced because it is gaining electrons
this is involved in massive ATP production: electron transport chain
what is left after an ATP production is finished?: free energy!!
what is the term for producing atp from H+ ion gradient pumping back and forth across a membrane: chemiosmosis
an enzyme that facilitates production of ATP in a membrane: ATP synthase
what do chromosomes contain?: genes that contain DNA
what kind of replication is DNA?: semi conservative from double helix to 2 single helixs
steps to DNA replication: 1-unwinding(unzip)
2-complementary base paring( A+T G+C)
3- joining
what is important to getting A to join T and G to join C?: DNA polymerase
these are bacteria that have quick replication: prokaryotics
this type divides by DNA bubbles spreading and it ends up with a pair of DNA strands: Eukaryotic
WHat 2 species are eukaryotic?: humans and animals
an error in matching up of base pairs: genetic mutation
what are some of the ways damage can be done to the DNA?: toxins, nuclear spills, free radicals, tobacco smoke, pollutants, pesticides, uv rays
what is the segment of the DNA strand that codes/specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein: gene
what do genes give the codes to?: RNA
what does RNA do with the codes?: it delivers it into the cell
what happens when the codes are inside of the cell thanks to RNA?: "gene expression" occurs
what is gene expression?: "producing a protein"
what are teh 3 types of RNA?: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
this RNA delivers genetic messages(codes): mRNA (messanger)
this RNA brings raw material to produce amino acids: tRNA (transfer)
this RNA is part of te ribosome where polypeptides are produced: rRNA(ribosomal RNA)
what are teh 2 steps to "gene expression"?: transcription and translation
this step is short, it occurs in the nucleus, it involves the mRNA: transcription
what are the 3 steps of translation?: initiation, elongation, termination
the step under translation that brings over teh amino acids, codons, and anticodons: initiation

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