- Bluegill Sunfish (Sperm competition)
- Paternal, sneaker, and satellite (F faker) M forms. Hereditary and environment determine strategies.
- Adaption (3)
- hereditary trait that has:spread b/c of natural selectionis spreading relative to other traits (b/c of ns)conferred/confers greater fitness than other traits
"A hereditary trait that exists because of - Adaptive Behaviors
- positive (benefit-cost>0)
- Adoption (Gulls)
- Foster gulls more likely to accept closely related chicks. Chicks choose nests where the have a good chance.
- Aphids
- Territory and reproductive success. Need big leaves, best to be alone on stem.
- Apprentice Birds
- Mutualism, with long delay. Inherit territory and Fs.
- Baboons
- High ranking M monopolize F better; but F spend time w/ low-ranked M!
- Bats and maternal care
- F bats can recognize offspring, feed them most.
- Bees
- DanceBehavior not mandated by genesvon Frischi.e. Nurse to forager
- Belding's Ground Squirrels
- "Kiss" to smell kin. Alarm calls from F favor F kin (GENETIC)
- Biological Clock/Circadian Pacemaker
- Neurons or cell groups that generate circadian rhythm. No cues needed to run, but cues needed to synchronize the clock.Temperature compensation (period independent of body temp)Mechanism is negative feedback w/ delay
- Bowerbirds
- Males co-opt aggresive Skraa call (fitness proxy) to attract F
- Brood Parasitism
- eggs laid by female into nest of another. chicks/eggs look the same... or chicks are bigger (get fed better!)
- Brood-Parasitism: Co-evolution
- Cuckoos must look like eggs, look like chicks, and sound like chicks to fool fairy-wren
- Canary
- M feats of strength!
- Central Nervous System
- CNS generates/controls animal behaviorNature/Instinct and Nature/Learningevaluation, interneurons, descision
- Challanges w/ Human Behavior
- Circus animals (genes+environment!)high variationno close relatives (vervets?)effect of culture (sex roles)
most evolution coevolution... with humans!objectivity impossiblepredict - Charles Darwin
- Origin of Species (1859)
- Chase-away Selection
- F not interested in trait (confers decreased fitness) so M increasingly elaborate display of traitM display has high costs and low benefits
- Cichlid
- F lays orange eggs and puts them in her mouth. M orange anal spots
- Circadian Rhythm
- Innate clock w/ period of about 24 hrs
- Clade
- Group with common ancestor.
- Code Breaking:
- Blue butterfly + Ants + Parasitic Wasps
- Compasses (5)
- Sun position WindsOcean currentsCelestial ('cept North Pole)Polarization of Sky*bold = require time compensation
- Conditions for Infanticide (4)
- F ovulate soon after deathCompetition for F by MF smaller/weakerM can indentify offspring
- Consilience
- Edward O. Wilson: Interconnection b/w all aspects of knowledge ("molecules to motivation")
- Correlational studies
- compare blood hormone levels w/ behavior
- Cortical Magnification
- critical inputs get more space
- Cost-Benefit of abandoning chicks
- Chance to make more chicks (reproductive rate and length of life)Availability of new nest sites
- Courting
- Whales sing, hamsters make a smell, manakins dance.
- Crested auklet
- Crest=dominance. F chooses. EVEN IN AUKLETS WITHOUT CRESTS! Same as swordtail.
- Cuckoo begging
- call same as FOUR warblers.... parents bring 4X as much food.
- Daniel Lehrman
- Influence of hormones on dove reproduction (ENVIRONMENT [NURTURE])
- Developmental Homeostasis vs. Dev. Switch
- Genes code for developmental sensitivity
- Dispersal
- Less competiton for food, less inbreeding. One sex only. Birds usually F, mammals usually M.
- Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
- Divergent: Diff selection -> diff behavior (even though common ancestor)Convergent: Same selection -> analogous behavior (even w/out recent common ancestor)
- Donald Griffin
- Bats and ultrasound
- Ebo Gwinner
- Circannual Rhythms (bird migration and navigation)
- Entrain
- to set biological clock by zeitgeber (synchronize/regulate behavior)
- Ethology
- Systematic study of animal behavior, animal behavior is innate, instinctive, fixed (GENETICS [NATURE])Releaser/Sign StimulusFAPStimulus filtering (feature extraction)
- Eusocial Behavior
- Groups that contain specialized non-reproducing castes that work for the reproductive members of the society. Helpers are obligate altruists. Also... if helper has low probability or reproductive successRelatedness requir
- Evolution of intraspecific communication
- COEVOLUTION: simultaneous evolution of transmitter, receiver, andcode (Bat/Moth, Wasp/Orchid)
SENSORY EXPLOITATION: transmitter and receiver exist, co-opt for new code and message - Evolutionarily Stable Strategy
- Strategy used by all that can't be replaced by mutation`
- FAP
- InheritedCan be modified by learningnot ALWAYS activated by sign stimulusSpecific behaviors variablemultiple FAPs possible from same SS
- Female Firefly
- Decodes M signal, fakes flashes, eats MPHOTURIS v PHOTINUS
- Finding Food
- Leaves and poison, seeds in thorns, bald eagle, minke whale
- Fisher's comment
- 2 brothers=8 cousins
- Fitness
- measured by number of offspring/gene propagation (= reproductive success)Proxies are indirect measures (eggs, color of feathers, song...)
- Foraging and Defense (RESOURCE POLYMORPHISM)
- Sunbirds don't defend when lots of nectar around.
- FosB
- elimination ends nurturing behavior in mice
- Free-running period (tau)
- Time for animal to go through 1 cycle
- Fry v. Eggs
- Fish can "smell" if fry are another fish's.
- Fundamentals of Science (6)
- ObservationHypothesisPredictionExperimentTheoryRepeatability
- Genetic Compatability
- Polyandry.
- George C. Williams
- Modern evolutionary biology. Darwinian approach to humans, evolutionary psychology. TRADEOFFS
- Giraffes
- Necks for dominance and sexual competition
- Good Genes Hypothesis
- M starling: song indicates healthy immune systemPeacock: offspring grow faster w/ good tailBowerbirds: parasites, body size, feather growth. Bower signals for young F, body for old,
- Group Selection
- when some populations have a greater chance of survival... but cheaters win!kin selection is more likely (group of altruists beats any single cheater)
- Groups are safer
- Butterflies.
- Guppies
- Orange food. M are orange.
- Hangingfly, Redback Spider (Nuptial Gifts)
- M bring food gifts, Spider IS food gift
- Harlow
- Isolation and monkeys :(
- Health Effects of Promiscuity
- Primates have increased WBC with multiple sexual contacts
- Heinrich
- Ravens. Yelling attracts conspecifics to food. Single ravens call in help to defend against mating pair!
- Helping Behavior (5)
- Mutualism--all benefitReciprocity--delayed direct fitness gainFaultative Altruism--temporary loss, delayed gainObligate Altruims--only indirect fitness gainAltruism--direct fitness loss, indirect gain
- Hierarchy and Local Control
- Brain prevents expression of incompatible behaviors
- Home Range v Habitat v Territory
- HOME RANGE: geographical area animal occupiesHABITAT: HR environmentTERRITORY: Area defended
- Honest Signals
- Some birds (hunger), toads, red deer, antlered flies
- Hormones
- Slow actingPeptides or steroidsact in brain neuron... modify behaviorSecreted by glands and CNS, distributed by blood
- Hume's Guillotine
- What is =/= what ought to bedescription cannot lead to prescription
- Hunting and Escaping
- Orchid is predator, killer whales ambush sea lions
- Hymenoptera
- Lots of eusocial behavior, because relatedness varies from 1 to .5! (haplodipoids)
- Illegitimate Receivers
- Bats and Frogs... Great tits (high pitch can't be heard) and hawks...Can detect signals of prey
- Inclusive Fitness
- Direct Fitness PLUS Kin Selection [Indirect fitness] (use coefficient of relatedness)
- Interneurons
- Decision, activation, pattern
- Intrasex Competition
- compete for mates
- Intrasex Selection
- limiting sex chooses behavior and morphology
- J.B. Watson
- Behaviorism: all animal activity result of conditioning
- Jacana (Polyandry)
- F defend harem of up to 4 M. M incubate and care for eggs. Phalarope: F abandons M and eggs M MUST HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE OF PATERNITY
- John Maynard Smith
- Game theory
- Jurgen Aschoff
- Human circadian rhythms
- Karl von Frisch
- Bees and dancing.
- Kenneth Roeder
- Evasive tactics (cricket) and mating
- Kettelwell
- Butterflies and peppered moths, adaptive coloration
- Kleptoparasitism & Frequency-dependent Selection
- gulls, birds, terns, spiders steal from other speciesROSEATE TERNS STEAL FROM CONSPECIFIC. Fitness changes with frequency of expression.
- Konrad Lorenz
- Ethology, imprinting
- Lazuli Birds
- Dominant (bright) M tolerate dull M.Dull M gets territory and mate.Adults has EPC :)*MUTUALISM*
- Lindauer
- Communication among bees (sound).
- Lizards
- want many rocks and smaller territories.
- Long-ta9ped widowbird in Kenya
- tail result of sexual selection
