A Five-Kingdom Survey
Terms
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- taxonomy
- grouping organisms into catergories called taxa/taxons
- species
- given a name consisting of a species name and a genus
- family
- genus that share related features
- orders
- related families that are then grouped successively into phyla and finally kingdoms
- Kings Play Chess on Fine Green Sand
- succesional order of taxa (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)
- order of a name
- genus then species
- phylogeny
- evolutionary relationships of which organization of this is a goal of taxonomy
- systematics
- study of evolutionary relationships among organisms
- Divisions
- the phylum for fungi and plants
- Monera
- Kingdom of Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotes
- lack nucclei and various organelles of eukaryotes, possess a single naked chromosome of a single DNA molecule without proteins, and the cell walls contain peptidoglycans
- Plasmins
- present in some prokaryotes, small cirular DNA molecules
- peptidoglycans
- ingredient of most prokaryote cell walls
- Flagellin
- globular protein that makes up Flagella in monera, arranges in helical chains (not 9+2 formation). Prokarytos without flagella move in a corkscrew motion whcile others glide with slimy material
- Autotrophic Prokaryotes
- manufacture their own organic compounds.
- Chemoautotrophs
- use energy obtained from inorganic substances as in photosynthesis
- parasites
- heterotrophic bacteria that obtains its energy from the living tissues of a host
- saprobes or saprophytes
- heterotrophs which obtain their energy from dead, decaying matter. Since they contribute to the decay of matter, they are called DECOMPOSERS
- Obligate aerobes
- prokaryotes that must have oxygen to live
- Obligate anaerobes
- prokaryotes that can survive only in the absence of oxygen
- faculative anaerobe
- prokaryote that grows in the presence of oxygen but, when oxygen is absent, can switch to an anaerobic metabolism
- archaebacteria
- disctinct group within the monera and are characterized by the lack of peptidoglycans in cell walls, ribosomes are similar to eukaryotes rather than eubacteria, and plasma membrances contain lipids that differ from those found in plasma membrances of all other organisms
- Methanogens
- type of archaebacteria which are anaerobic, heterotrophic bacteria that produce methane (CH4). They live in mud, swamps, and the guts of cows, humans, termites, and other animals
- Extreme Halophiles
- type of archaebacteria (salt lovers) that live in enviroments with high concentrations of salt. They are found in salt lakes or in salted foods where they can cause spoilage. Most are aerobic and heterotrophic while others are anaerobic and photosynthetic with the pigment BACTERIORHODOPSIN
- Fungi
- grows as filaments called hyphae. The cell walls consist of chitin and they are either parasites or saprobe, absorbing the breakdown products from the action of digestive enzymes that they secreted. They are dominantly haploid but most form temporary diploid sructures for sexual reproduction
- Bacteriorhodopsin
- type of pigement found in anerobic and photosynthetic extreme halophiles
- hyphae, hypha
- filaments of fungi
- mycelium, mycelia
- a mass of hyphae
- Thermoacidphiles
- type of archaebacteria (heat and acid lovers) that live in hot (60C to 80C) and acid (pH 2 to 4) enviroments. They are found in mineral springs or in thermal volcanic vents on ocean floors. They are chemoautotrophs, using H2S as their source of energy.
- chitin
- a nitrogen containg polysacchride that makes up the cell walls of fungi
- Eubacteria
- "true bacteria" distinct group within the monera that is characterized by their mode of nutrition or how they metbolize resources, some are distinguished by their ability to create endospores, and some are distinguished by their means of motility, andthe cell wall has peptidoglycans
- Eubacteria and archaebacteria
- two groups within monera
- haustoria
- hyphae in many parasitic fungi that penetrate their host
- Endospores
- eubacteria- resistant bodies that contain the genetic material and a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall
- Kingdoms
- Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
- Fungi Reproduction
- plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meosis, and fungi can also form asexually through budding and asexual spores
- Three shapes of eubacteria
- cocci, bacilli, spirilla
- cocci
- spherical
- Plasmogamy
- the fusing of cells from two different fungal strains to produce a single cell with nuclei from both strains. A pair of haploid nuclei, one from each strain, is called a dikaryon
- bacilli
- rod shaped
- dikaryotic
- hypha containing a dikaryon
- karyogamy
- the fusing of the two haploid nuclei of a dikaron to form a single diploid nucleus
- spirilla
- spirals
- Gram Stain Technique
- eubacteria that stain postitive have a thick peptidoglycan wall while gran-negative bacteria have a thin peptidogycan wall covered with a layer of lipopolysaccharides
- meiosis (fungi)
- this restores the haploid condition of the diploid nucleus. Daughter cells develop into haploid spores which germinate and from haploid hyphae
- Cyanobacteria
- type of eubacteria- are photosynthetic, using cholorophyll a, they also contain phycobilins and some have heerocysts that produce nitrogen-fixing enzymes. It was formerally calle blue-green "algae" but they are prokaryotes not eukaryotes
- fragmentation
- breaking up of two hyphae in fungal asexual reproduction
- budding
- the pinching off of a small hyphal outgrowth in asexual fungal reproduction
- phycobilins
- red accessory pigments of rhodophyta
- asexual spores
- in fungi, sporangiospres and conodia
- heterocysts
- specialized cells of cyanobacteria which produce nitrogen-fixing enzymes
- nitrogen-fixing enzymes
- in cyanobacteria, inorganic unreactive nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia (NH3)
- Sporangiospores
- produced in saclike capsules called sporangia (singular, sprorangium) that are each borne on a stalk called a SPORANGIOPHORE, fungi
- Chemosynthetic Bacteria
- type of eubacteria, autotrophs of whcih some are called nitrifying
- Conidia
- asexual reprod. in fungi, formed at the tips of specialzed hyphae, not enclosed inside sacs.
- Conidiophores
- hyphae bearing conidia
- nitrifying
- refers to some chemosynthetic bacteria which converts nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- type of eubacteria that are heteroptophs that fix nitogen. Many of these have mutualistic relationships with plants. These live in nodules
- Zygomycota
- fungi that lack septa, except when filaments border reproductive filaments. These reproduce sexually by fusion of hyphae from different strains, followed by plasogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis. Typical ZYGOSPRES are produced which germinate into new hyphae. Bread mold is typlical of this
- Ascomycota
- fungi that have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ASCOSPORES. After plasmogamy of hyphae from unlike strains, a dikaryotic hypha produces more filaments by mitosis. Karyogamy and meiosis subsequently occur in terminal hyphal cells producing four haploid cells. These four cells divide by mitosis to produce EIGHT haploid ascospores in a sac called an ASCUS. IN many of these, asci are grouped together in a specialized fruiting body, the ASCOCARO. These include yeasts, powedery mildews, and truffels
- mutualistic
- when both the bacteria and the host plant benefit from an interdependent relationship , as with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- Basidiomycota
- fungi that have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid BASIDIOSPORES. Plasmogamy between two unlike hyphae is followed by mitosis and the growth of dikaryotic hyphae to from a fruiting body called a BASIDIOCARP. A mushroom is an example. Karygamy occurs in terminal hyphal cells called BASIDIA followed by meiosis and the producton of FOUR haploid basidiospores
- nodules
- specialized structures in plant roots where nitogen-fixing bacteria reside
- Deuteromycota
- imperfect fungi that is an artificial group comprising fungi for which no sexual reproduction has been observed. Penicillium, from which penicillin is obtained, is one of these
- spirochetes
- type of eubacteria- coiled bacteria that move with a corkscrew motion. Their flagella are internal, posistioned within the layers of the cell wall
- Lichens
- mutualistic associations between funi and algae. The algae is normally a chlorophyta or cyanobacteria and it provides sugar from photosynthesis, and also nitgrogen compounds if they are nitrogen fixing. The fungus (mostly a ascomycete) provides water and protection from the enviroment.
- Protista
- artificial kingdom used for convenience rather than to resent actual evolutionary relationships. Members can be algaelike, animallike, funguslike, unicellular, or multicellular
- convergent evolution
- features that arose among groups independently, may be seen in kingdom protista
- Mycorrhizae
- mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants. The plant provides sugars to the fungus while the fungus increases the ability of the roots to absorb waters and minerals, especially PHOSPHORUS
- Algaelike
- or plantlife members of Protista of which all obtain energy by photosynthesis. All have chlorophyll a but may have various other chlorophylls and different accessory pigments. The main features used to categorize them are their chlorophylls and accessory pigments, the form of carbohydrate used to store energy, the number of flagella (if present) and the make up of the cell walls
- Euglenophyta
- algaelike- or euglenoids, have 1-3 flagella at their apical (leading) end. Instead of a cellulose cell wall, they have thin, protein strips called pellicles that wrap over their cell membranes. They can become heterotrophic in the absence of light. Some have an eyespot that permits phototaxis
- pellicles
- thin protein strips that wrap over the euglenophyta's cell membrane instead of a cellulose cell wall
- phototaxis
- the ability to move in response to light, permitted by an eyespot, a characteristic of some euglenophyta
- eyespot
- permits phototaxis
- Dinoflagellata
- or dinoflagellates, algaelike, have two flagella. One flagellum is posterior while the second flagellum is transverse and rests in an encircling mid groove perpendicular to the first flagellum. SOme of these are bioluminescent while others produce nerve toxins that concetrate in filter-feeding shellfish, which then cause illness in humans when eaten
- Chrysophyta
- algaelike, or golden algae, are golden yekllow and have one or two apical flagella
- bacillariophyta
- algaelike, also called diatms that have tests that concist of silica (SiO2)
- tests
- shells of diatoms
- Chlorophyta
- Algaelike, green algae that has chlorophull a and b, celulose cell walls, and some habve isogamous, anisomagous, or oogamous gametes. There are also examples of trends toward muliticellularity. This is believed to be the ancestor of plants
- isogamous
- gametes where both sperm and eggs are motile and equal in size
- anisogamous
- gametes where the sperm and egg differ in size
- oogamous
- gametes where a large egg cell reamins with the parent and is fetilized by a small, motile sperm
- Phaeophyta
- algaelike, brown algae, are multicellular and have flagellated sperm cells. Some are giant seaweeds, or kelps
- Rhodophyta
- algaelike, red algae, contain red accessory pigments called phycobilins and are multicelluar and their gametes do not have flagella
- protozoa
- animal-like protists that are heteotrophs and consume either living cells or dead organic matter
- Rhizopoda
- protozoa that are amoebas that move by extensions of their cell body called pseudopodia which encircles gfood and absorbs it by phagocytosis
- pseudopodia
- extensions of rhizopoda that encircle food and absorbs it by phagocytosis
- Foraminifera
- or forams, protozoa that have tests usually made of calcium carbonate. many ancient marine sediments consiting of certain foram tests are good indicators of underlying oil deposits
- Zoomastigophora
- or zooflagellates, are flagellated protozoa. Some mutualistic species digest cellulose in the guts of termites. Others are parasites, such as Trypanosoma, which is transmitted by the testse fly and causes African sleeping sickness in humans
- Sporozoa
- protozoa whcih are parasites of animals. They have no physical means of motility however they form spores which are dispersed by one or more hosts that participate in the completion of their life cycles. The sporozoan that causes malaria, for example, spends part of its life cycle in mosquitos and partin humans
- ciliophora
- protozoa that are distinguished by their cilia which they use for moving and other functions. because of specialized structures, such as mouths, anal pores, contractile vacuolesm (for water balance), two kinds of nuclei (one large macronucleus and several small micronuclei) and other features, they are perhaps the MOST COMPLEX of all cells and includes paramecium
- Fungis-like
- protista that resemble fungi because they form either filaments or spore-bearing bodies similar to fungi
- Acrasiomycota
- fungis like- cellular slime molds that exhibit both funguslike and protozoalike characterists during their life cycle. Spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria. WHen food sources are depleted, the amoebas aggregate into a single unit, which migrates as a slug, then teh individual cells form a stalk with a capsule at the top. Spores are then released, which repeat the cycle when they germinate. The stimulus is cyclic AMP
- Cyclic AMP
- or cAMP, secreted by the amoebas of cellular slime mods that experience food deprivation and then leads to aggregation
- Myxomycota
- fungus-like, or plasmodial slime molds, grow as a single, spreading mass feeding on decaying vegettion. When food becomes unavailable or when teh enviroment dessiccates, stalks bearing spore capsules form. Haploid spres released from the capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells, whcih fuse to form a diploid cell. IT then grows into the spreading plasmodium
- plasmodium
- spreading mass of myyxomycota or plasmodial slime molds
- oomycota
- fungus like, includes water molds, downy mildews, and white rusts. They are either parasites or saprobes. They are much like fungi in that they form filaments (hyphae) which secret enzymes that digest the surrounding substances. THe breakdown products of digestion are then absorbed. The filaments lack septa, or cfross walls, whcih in many true fungi partition the filaments into compartments. Theya re coenocytic because they lack septa. Cell walls are also made of cellulos rather than chitin
- hyphae
- filaments
- septa
- or cross walls that partition the filaments into compartments in fungi, lacking in oomycota
- Coenocytic
- because this lacks septa, it contains many nuclei within a single cell (oomycota)
- Kingdom Plantae
- made the transition frmo water to land and prevented the loss of water by dessiaction and water was also required to provide a medium for the fertilization of eggs by flagellated sperm. In addition, once plants emerged from the protective cover of water, genetic material was more susceptible to damage by UV radiation.
- Major plant adaptations
- dominant generation of all plans is the diploid sprophyte generation which is more apt to survive genetic damage because two copies of each chromosome allow recessive mutations to be masked (except for bryophyta), a cuticle, the development of a vasular system, flagellated sperm in primitive plant systes and also pollen, an ovary in the most advanced division of anthophyta, and soem adaptations to seasonal variations, like being deciduous
- cuticle
- a waxy covering on aerial parts of plants that reduces dessiccation
- xylem and phloem
- part of the vascular system of plants that allowed plants to distribute water throughout itself, xylem is more for water transport while phloem is sugar transport
- ovary
- in anthophyta, where the gametophytes are enclosed
- deciduous
- coniferophyta and anthophyta that shed leaves to minimize water loss during slow-growing or dormant seasons.