- 3 layers of embryonic disk
- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- 3 life support systems mature and develop ______
- rapidly
- What is development?
- A process of age-related changes across the lifespan
- accomodation
- children change existing knowledge systems to accommodate new info
- advantages of breast milk
- reccommended for 6 months, 1 year w/ food- correct balance of fat and protein- nutritional completeness- protection against disease (mom passes antibodies)- easily digested- smoother transition to solid foods (bc used
- age of viability
- 22-26 weeksage at which fetus can survive if born early50/50 chance by 25 weeks
- alcohol as teratogen
- effects same regardless of typeFAS - low birth weight, smaller brain, long term behavioral problems
- amnion
- protective sacencases organism in amnionic fluid (cushion and temperature regulator)
- assimilation
- children incorporate new info into existing knowledge systems
- behaviorism
- watsonclassical conditioning/associative learninglearning theory - development continuous
- blastocyst
- when zygote reaches uterus and attaches to wallhollow 100-cell ballforms layers
- c-section
- needed for breech positions, failure to progress29% of births in 2004, most common form of major surgery
- canalization
- measure of ability of genotype to produce same phenotype regardless of same type of environment
- caspi study
- longitudinalif have one type of serotonin gene and more stressors, more likely to be depressed
- cognitive behaviorism/social learning theory (bandura)
- observational learning (imitation)self-efficacy - internal belief in own competency; comes from experience
- consequences of poverty
- discipline and parentingcognitive functioning (verbal skills, academic achievement)physical health statussocioemotional functioning
- continuous development
- gradually adding on more
- developmental neuroscience perspective
- thoughts/behaviors arise from biology (genes, hormones, etc.)biological plasticity - biology highly influenced by environmentresult of interaction between genetic inheritance, biology, and environment over time
- discontinuous development
- stages, qualitative changes (something clicks and you instantly change)
- dominant recessive
- serious disorders NOT inherited this way because natural selection weeds these alleles out before reproduction occursbut this is a way for less lethal traits/disorders to be inherited
- ectoderm
- outermostforms nervous system, skin, sense organs
- embryonic disk
- cells on inside become new organism
- embryonic period
- 2-8 weeks
- endoderm
- inner layerdigestive system, lungs, glands
- environmental influences
- familypeersschoolneighborhoodtownsocioeconomic statuslarger cultural context and values
- evocative genotype/environmental correlations
- children's genotype elicits certain type of environment child's ADD causes parents to yell
- factors that influence impact of teratogens
- duration and degree of exposure
timing of exposure genetic predispositionspresence of other factors - fertilization
- union of sperm and ovumconceptionoccurs in fallopian tube
- fertilized egg contains __ chromosomes
- 46 - 23 from each parent
- fetal period
- 9th week to birth"growth and finishing" phase
- first trimester
- physical structures become more complexorgans, muscles, nervous system organize and connect external genitals well-formed by 12th weekfetal heartbeat audiblebehavioral changes (suck thumb, make fist)
- function of crying
- babies communicate physical needs
- germinal period
- 0-2 weeksfrom fertilization to just before cell mass attaches to uterus wall (implantation)
- illegal drugs as teratogen
- babies born addicted, experience withdrawallong-lasting problems: low IQ, attention problems
- implantation
- when blastocyst becomes embedded in uterine wall
- infant motor development
- cephalocaudal - head to feet (raise head before standing)proximodistal - center out (coordination of trunk and arm precedes fingers, hands)mass-to-specific - gross before fine (monster walk)
- information processing (computer theory)
- human mind as symbol manipulating system through which info flowsdevelopment=gradual accumulation of knowledge - not stagesfocuses on two cognitive processes: metacognition and increased capacity
- LAD
- chomsky's hypothetical brain structure that enablese us to learn and produce language, a "language-generating capacity in our genetic code"
- lanugo
- white downy hairhelps vernix stick to skin
- mechanistic theories
- change stimulated by environmentPASSIVE
- mesoderm
- middle layerforms muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excretory system
- metacognition
- awareness and understanding of how thinking works
- miscarriages
- about 15-20% of recognized pregnancies90% occur by 12-13 weeks
- neural tube
- from ectodermbeginnings of spinal cord and brain
- newborn sensory capacities: sound
- prefer complex sounds like voicescan distinguish almost all sounds in human language
- newborn sensory capacities: taste/smell
- prefer sweet (like to nurse after mom has vanilla)attracted to smell of mom's lactating breast
- newborn sensory capacities: touch
- sensitive to touch/pain at birthtouch helps stimulate emotional and physical development
- newborn sensory capacities: vision
- least mature of newborn senses20/400, ~20/20 by 1 yearsee best at 9-12"
- newborn sleep
- spend greatest amount of time sleeping - 16-18 hours/day (not in a row, wake up every 3-4 hours)alternate between rem and non-rem
- niche-picking
- individuals seek out environments most compatible with genetic predispositions becomes more prominent when children get older
- organismic theories
- change stimulated from withinACTIVE
- other teratogens
- environmental pollutioninfectious diseases
- ovulation
- moment during cycle when egg/ovum released from ovarybrief window for conception (egg lasts 24-48 hours; sperm last 2-6 days)
- passive genotype/environmental correlations
- parents provide environment based on own heredity athletic parents raising children with sports
- paternal factors of teratogens
- exposure to certain toxins can lead to abnormal sperm, could lead to low birth weight or other birth defects later paternal age linked to defects (autism)
- piaget's cognitive development theory
- child is naive active scientisttwo major processes of change: assimilation and acccomodationnature of change: learn in stages
- placenta
- partial fillerpermits food and oxygen to reach organism and carries away waste
- polygenic inheritence
- multiple genes interact to produce a characteristicthis is how most psychological conditions inherited
- prescription/nonprescription drugs as teratogens
- anti-depressantscaffeine
- psychodynamic theory
- development occurs in stagesrelations between three components (id, ego, superego) determine personality
- psychosocial theory
- covers lifespan - people continue to develop beyond childhood/adolesenceeight stages must be mastered to developemphasis on ego, not id - ego identity (who we are as individuals)
- purpose of reflexes
- adaptive response to environmentallow to assess health of baby's cnsstimulate early development of muscles and cnssurvival valueprecursors to later motor skills
- range of reaction
- potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a genetic trait
- risk factors of pregnancy
- maternal nutrition (can damage CNS, lower birth weight) (recommend to take multivitamin and gain 25-30 pounds)intense emotional stress (may lead to miscarriage, low birth weight; less oxygen to fetus)
maternal age (best in 20s, older - second trimester
- 13-24 weeks mother can feel movementsvernix and lanugo form
- six assumptions of lifespan perspective
- 1. development lifelong2. development multidimensional3. development multidirectional4. development plastic5. development involves growth and maintenance6. influences on development
- skinner's operant conditioning
- focuses on consequences of behaviorreinforcement, punishmentdevelopment continuous, not stages
- smoking as teratogen
- low birth weightconstricts blood vessels which reduces flow of nutrients to fetus
- stage 1 of labor
- cervix dilateshappens through uterine contractions
- stage 2 of labor
- fetus goes from uterus to vaginahead crownsbody emerges
- stage 3
- placenta, umbilical cord released
- stresses of poverty that weaken family
- daily hasslesfrequent crisesinadequate housingdangerous neighborhoodsfewer neighborhood resourcesnegative role models/few successful models
- the Apgar Scale
- used to assess newborn's physical condition on 5 criteria:1. heart rate2. respiratory effort3. muscle tone4. color5. reflex response ratings given at 1 and 5 minutesscore of 7-10 means good; <
- third trimester
- 25-38 weekslayer of fat develops under skin to regulate tempchange in position to prep for deliveryage of viability
- three influences on development
- normative - similar for individuals in particular age group historical - similar for individuals in a particular generation at a memorable time in their lives nonnormative - unusual occurances, major impact but not applicable to many peop
- three types of crying
- basic: starts softly and gradually becomes more intense (hungry, tired, uncomfortable)mad: more intensepain: sudden long burst, pause, gasp
- trophoblast
- outer layer of cellsdevelops into life-support systems (amnion, placenta, umbilical cord)
- umbilical cord
- structure that connects placenta to developing organism through which nutrients passed and waste removed
- vernix
- white cheeselike substanceprotects skin from becoming chapped
- vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
- focuses on how culture is transmittedhigher mental function grows out of social interactions and dialogues (cooperative dialogues)cognitive development socially mediated
- why are c-sections a problem?
- major surgery = long recovery (less time/energy for baby)expensive not needed - doctors too cautious
- zygote
- fertilized eggtakes 3 days to travel down fallopian tube to uterus
- ______ development of body parts and systems in 2nd month
- rapid
